<w lemma="kratei%3D">κρατεῖ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntwn">πάντων</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrwpei%2Fwn">ἀνθρωπείων</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frgwn">ἔργων</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="kairo%2Fs">καιρός</w>, <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="polemikw%3Dn">πολεμικῶν</w>.
<w lemma="dio%5C">διὸ</w> <w lemma="proxei%2Frws">προχείρως</w> <w lemma="i%29ste%2Fon">ἰστέον</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="strathgw%3D%7C">στρατηγῷ</w> <w lemma="tropa%5Cs">τροπὰς</w> <w lemma="h%28li%2Fou">ἡλίου</w> <w lemma="qerina%5Cs">θερινὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="xeimerina%2Fs">χειμερινάς</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="i%29shmeri%2Fas">ἰσημερίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="metacu%5C">μεταξὺ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="au%29ch%2Fseis">αὐξήσεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="meiw%2Fseis">μειώσεις</w> <w lemma="h%28merw%3Dn">ἡμερῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="nuktw%3Dn:">νυκτῶν·</w>
<w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnws">μόνως</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnaito">δύναιτο</w> <w lemma="summetrei%3Dsqai">συμμετρεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="dianu%2Fsmata">διανύσματα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="gh%3Dn">γῆν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="qa%2Flattan">θάλατταν</w>.
<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="kairou%5Cs">καιροὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29nagkai%3Don">ἀναγκαῖον</w> <w lemma="ei%29de%2Fnai">εἰδέναι</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fras">ἡμέρας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="nukto%2Fs">νυκτός</w>, <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="ginw%2Fskein">γινώσκειν</w> <w lemma="phni%2Fka">πηνίκα</w> <w lemma="poihte%2Fon">ποιητέον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29cege%2Frseis">ἐξεγέρσεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29nazuga%2Fs:">ἀναζυγάς·</w>
<w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Do%2Fn">οἷόν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flous">τέλους</w> <w lemma="tugxa%2Fnein">τυγχάνειν</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%3Ds">ἀρχῆς</w> <w lemma="eu%29stoxh%2Fsanta">εὐστοχήσαντα</w>.
<w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fras">ἡμέρας</w> <w lemma="kairou%5Cs">καιροὺς</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="skia%3D%7C">σκιᾷ</w> <w lemma="qewrei%3Dn">θεωρεῖν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29du%2Fnaton">ἀδύνατον</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Flion">ἥλιον</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fa%7C">πορείᾳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="ko%2Fsmou">κόσμου</w> <w lemma="ginome%2Fnois">γινομένοις</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="diasth%2Fmasi:">διαστήμασι·</w>
<w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="nukto%5Cs">νυκτὸς</w> <w lemma="dusxere%2Fs">δυσχερές</w>, <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="mh%2F">μή</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="fainome%2Fnou">φαινομένου</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="dw%2Fdeka">δώδεκα</w> <w lemma="zw%7Cdi%2Fwn">ζῳδίων</w> <w lemma="oi%29konomi%2Fa%7C">οἰκονομίᾳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fcei">τάξει</w> <w lemma="sumperife%2Frhtai:">συμπεριφέρηται·</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnu">πάνυ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="r%28a%2F%7Cdion">ῥᾴδιον</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="faino%2Fmena">φαινόμενα</w> <w lemma="pepolupragmonhko%2Fsin">πεπολυπραγμονηκόσιν</w>.
<w lemma="e%29pei%5C">ἐπεὶ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="a%29ni%2Fswn">ἀνίσων</w> <w lemma="ou%29sw%3Dn">οὐσῶν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="nuktw%3Dn">νυκτῶν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fmws">ὅμως</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fsh%7C">πάσῃ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="nukti%5C">νυκτὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="dw%2Fdeka">δώδεκα</w> <w lemma="zw%7Cdi%2Fwn">ζῳδίων</w> <w lemma="e%28%5Cc">ἓξ</w> <w lemma="a%29nafe%2Fresqai">ἀναφέρεσθαι</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w>, <w lemma="fanero%5Cn">φανερὸν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="a%29nagkai%3Don">ἀναγκαῖον</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="me%2Fresi">μέρεσι</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fshs">πάσης</w> <w lemma="nukto%5Cs">νυκτὸς</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Fsa">ἴσα</w> <w lemma="me%2Frh">μέρη</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="dw%2Fdeka">δώδεκα</w> <w lemma="zw%7Cdi%2Fwn">ζῳδίων</w> <w lemma="a%29nafe%2Fresqai">ἀναφέρεσθαι</w>.
<w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28li%2Fou">ἡλίου</w> <w lemma="gnwrizome%2Fnou">γνωριζομένου</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fran">ἡμέραν</w>, <w lemma="poi%2Fan">ποίαν</w> <w lemma="moi%3Dran">μοῖραν</w> <w lemma="e%29pe%2Fxei">ἐπέχει</w>, <w lemma="dh%3Dlon">δῆλον</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnantos">δύναντος</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fmetron">διάμετρον</w> <w lemma="e%29pite%2Fllein">ἐπιτέλλειν</w> <w lemma="a%29na%2Fgkh">ἀνάγκη</w>.
<w lemma="loipo%5Cn">λοιπὸν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fson">ὅσον</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fthn">ταύτην</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="a%29natetalko%5Cs">ἀνατεταλκὸς</w> <w lemma="fai%2Fnhtai">φαίνηται</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="zw%7Cdiakou%3D">ζῳδιακοῦ</w>, <w lemma="tosou%3Dton">τοσοῦτον</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%5Cs">εἰκὸς</w> <w lemma="h%29nu%2Fsqai">ἠνύσθαι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="nukto%5Cs">νυκτὸς</w> <w lemma="ai%29ei%2F">αἰεί</w>.
<w lemma="gnwrizome%2Fnwn">γνωριζομένων</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="zw%7Cdi%2Fwn">ζῳδίων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgeqos">μέγεθος</w>, <w lemma="toiou%2Ftous">τοιούτους</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnesqai">γίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="kairou%5Cs">καιροὺς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="nukto%2Fs">νυκτός</w>.
<w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="sunnefe%2Fsi">συννεφέσι</w> <w lemma="nuci%5C">νυξὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="selh%2Fnh%7C">σελήνῃ</w> <w lemma="prosekte%2Fon">προσεκτέον</w>, <w lemma="e%29pei%5C">ἐπεὶ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgeqos">μέγεθος</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fpan">ἐπίπαν</w> <w lemma="ai%29ei%5C">αἰεὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="e%29mfai%2Fnetai">ἐμφαίνεται</w> <w lemma="fw%3Ds">φῶς</w>, <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%5Cn">ὃν</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="h%29%3D%7C">ᾖ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpon">τόπον</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="ko%2Fsmou">κόσμου</w>.
<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pote%5C">ποτὲ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29natola%5Cs">ἀνατολὰς</w> <w lemma="kairw%3Dn">καιρῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpwn">τόπων</w> <w lemma="stoxaste%2Fon">στοχαστέον</w>,
<w lemma="pote%5C">ποτὲ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="du%2Fseis">δύσεις</w>, <w lemma="kaquparxou%2Fshs">καθυπαρχούσης</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="e%29nnoi%2Fas">ἐννοίας</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tosou%3Dton">τοσοῦτον</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="sumperife%2Fresqai">συμπεριφέρεσθαι</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fran">ἡμέραν</w> <w lemma="diaforai%3Ds">διαφοραῖς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29natolw%3Dn">ἀνατολῶν</w>.
<w lemma="e%29%2Fsti">ἔστι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpos">τρόπος</w> <w lemma="eu%29qew%2Frhtos">εὐθεώρητος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fthn:">ταύτην·</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fros">ὅρος</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ei%28%3Ds">εἷς</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="tu%2Fpw%7C">τύπῳ</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ai%29%2Fsqhsin">αἴσθησιν</w>
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<head>Mode of Calculating Time</head>In all human undertakings opportuneness is the most important thing, but especially in operations of war. Therefore a general must have at his fingers' ends the season of the summer and winter solstice, the equinoxes, and the periods between them in which the days and nights increase and diminish. For it is by this knowledge alone that he can<pb n="577" />compute the distance that can be done whether by sea or land.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note33">The divisions of the day;</note>Again, he must necessarily understand the subdivisions both of the day and the night, in order to know at what hour to order the reveille, or the march out; for the end cannot be attained unless the beginning be rightly taken. As for the periods of the day, they may be observed by the shadows or by the sun's course, and the quarter of the heaven in which it has arrived, but it is difficult to do the same for the night, unless a man is familiar with the phenomenon of the twelve signs of the Zodiac, and their law and order: and this is easy to those who have studied astronomy.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note34">of the night.</note>For since, though the nights are unequal in length, at least six of the signs of the Zodiac are nevertheless above the horizon every night, it is plain that in the same portions of every night equal portions of the twelve signs of the Zodiac rise. Now as it is known what portion of the sphere is occupied by the sun during the day, it is evident that when he has set the are subtended by the diameter of his are must rise. Therefore the length of the night is exactly commensurate with the portion of the Zodiac which appears above the horizon after sunset. And, given that we know the number and size of the signs of the Zodiac, the corresponding divisions of the night are also known. If however the nights be cloudy, the moon must be watched, since owing to its size its light as a general rule is always visible, at whatsoever point in the heaven it may be. The hour may be guessed sometimes by observing the time and place of its rising, or again of its setting, if you only have sufficient acquaintance with this phenomenon to be familiar with the daily variation of its rising. And the law which it too follows admits of being easily observed; for its revolution is limited by the period of one month, which serves as a model to which all subsequent revolutions conform.
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Walbank Commentary