<w lemma="%2Ath%3Ds">Τῆς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tafrei%2Fas">ταφρείας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="xarakopoii%2Fas">χαρακοποιίας</w> <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29piba%2Fllousi">ἐπιβάλλουσι</w> <w lemma="pleurai%5C">πλευραὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="summa%2Fxois">συμμάχοις</w>, <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%28%5Cs">ἃς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="stratopedeu%2Fei">στρατοπεδεύει</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="ke%2Fras">κέρας</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fteron">ἑκάτερον</w>, <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w>, <w lemma="e%28kate%2Frw%7C">ἑκατέρῳ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="stratope%2Fdw%7C">στρατοπέδῳ</w> <w lemma="mi%2Fa">μία</w>.
<w lemma="diaireqei%2Fshs">διαιρεθείσης</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="pleura%3Ds">πλευρᾶς</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fsths">ἑκάστης</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="shmai%2Fan">σημαίαν</w>, <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="e%29pime%2Fleian">ἐπιμέλειαν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="taci%2Farxoi">ταξίαρχοι</w> <w lemma="poiou%3Dntai">ποιοῦνται</w> <w lemma="parestw%3Dtes">παρεστῶτες</w>, <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kaqo%2Flou">καθόλου</w> <w lemma="dokimasi%2Fan">δοκιμασίαν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="pleura%3Ds">πλευρᾶς</w> <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="xilia%2Frxwn">χιλιάρχων</w>.
<w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="loiph%5Cn">λοιπὴν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="strato%2Fpedon">στρατόπεδον</w> <w lemma="e%29pime%2Fleian">ἐπιμέλειαν</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3Dtoi">οὗτοι</w> <w lemma="poiou%3Dntai:">ποιοῦνται·</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="sfa%3Ds">σφᾶς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="dielo%2Fntes">διελόντες</w> <w lemma="a%29na%5C">ἀνὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%28kmh%2Fnou">ἑκμήνου</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="di%2Fmhnon">δίμηνον</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frxousi">ἄρχουσι</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fshs">πάσης</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="laxo%2Fntes">λαχόντες</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28pai%2Fqrois">ὑπαίθροις</w> <w lemma="proi+%2Fstantai">προΐστανται</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fas">χρείας</w>.
<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cs">αὐτὸς</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpos">τρόπος</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%3Ds">ἀρχῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29sti">ἐστι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="praife%2Fktwn">πραιφέκτων</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="summa%2Fxous">συμμάχους</w>.
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="taci%2Farxoi">ταξίαρχοι</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntes">πάντες</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="fwti%5C">φωτὶ</w> <w lemma="paragi%2Fnontai">παραγίνονται</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="xilia%2Frxwn">χιλιάρχων</w> <w lemma="skhna%2Fs">σκηνάς</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="xili%2Farxoi">χιλίαρχοι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="u%28%2Fpaton">ὕπατον</w>.
<w lemma="ka%29kei%3Dnos">κἀκεῖνος</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="katepei%3Dgon">κατεπεῖγον</w> <w lemma="a%29ei%5C">ἀεὶ</w> <w lemma="paragge%2Fllei">παραγγέλλει</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="xilia%2Frxois">χιλιάρχοις</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="xili%2Farxoi">χιλίαρχοι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="i%28ppeu%3Dsi">ἱππεῦσι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tacia%2Frxois">ταξιάρχοις</w>, <w lemma="ou%28%3Dtoi">οὗτοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="polloi%3Ds">πολλοῖς</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Ftan">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstwn">ἑκάστων</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="kairo%5Cs">καιρὸς</w> <w lemma="h%29%3D%7C">ᾖ</w>.
<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Ath%5Cn">Τὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="nukterinou%3D">νυκτερινοῦ</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fmatos">συνθήματος</w> <w lemma="para%2Fdosin">παράδοσιν</w> <w lemma="a%29sfali%2Fzontai">ἀσφαλίζονται</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpon">τρόπον</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w>.
<w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fkaston">ἕκαστον</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fnos">γένος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%28ppe%2Fwn">ἱππέων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pezw%3Dn">πεζῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="deka%2Fths">δεκάτης</w> <w lemma="shmai%2Fas">σημαίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="teleutai%2Fas">τελευταίας</w> <w lemma="stratopedeuou%2Fshs">στρατοπεδευούσης</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="r%28u%2Fmas">ῥύμας</w>, <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="ei%28%3Ds">εἷς</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fsths">ἑκάστης</w> <w lemma="a%29nh%5Cr">ἀνὴρ</w> <w lemma="lamba%2Fnetai">λαμβάνεται</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29klogh%2Fn">ἐκλογήν</w>, <w lemma="o%28%5Cs">ὃς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="fulaka%5Cs">φυλακὰς</w> <w lemma="leitourgiw%3Dn">λειτουργιῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29polu%2Fetai">ἀπολύεται</w>, <w lemma="paragi%2Fnetai">παραγίνεται</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fran">ἡμέραν</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnontos">δύνοντος</w> <w lemma="h%28li%2Fou">ἡλίου</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="xilia%2Frxou">χιλιάρχου</w> <w lemma="skhnh%2Fn">σκηνήν</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="labw%5Cn">λαβὼν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fnqhma">σύνθημα</w> — <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5C">ἐστὶ</w> <w lemma="platei%3Don">πλατεῖον</w> <w lemma="e%29pigegramme%2Fnon">ἐπιγεγραμμένον</w> —
<w lemma="a%29palla%2Fttetai">ἀπαλλάττεται</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w>. <w lemma="a%29naxwrh%2Fsas">ἀναχωρήσας</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%3D">αὑτοῦ</w> <w lemma="shmai%2Fan">σημαίαν</w> <w lemma="to%2F">τό</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="culh%2Ffion">ξυλήφιον</w> <w lemma="pare%2Fdwke">παρέδωκε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fnqhma">σύνθημα</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="martu%2Frwn">μαρτύρων</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29xome%2Fnhs">ἐχομένης</w> <w lemma="shmai%2Fas">σημαίας</w> <w lemma="h%28gemo%2Fni">ἡγεμόνι</w>, <w lemma="paraplhsi%2Fws">παραπλησίως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3Dtos">οὗτος</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29xome%2Fnhs">ἐχομένης</w>.
<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fmoion">ὅμοιον</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%3Ds">ἑξῆς</w> <w lemma="poiou%3Dsi">ποιοῦσι</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntes">πάντες</w>, <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="prw%2Ftas">πρώτας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fneggus">σύνεγγυς</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="xilia%2Frxois">χιλιάρχοις</w> <w lemma="stratopedeuou%2Fsas">στρατοπεδευούσας</w> <w lemma="shmai%2Fas">σημαίας</w> <w lemma="e%29ciknh%3Dtai">ἐξικνῆται</w>. <w lemma="tou%2Ftous">τούτους</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="platei%3Don">πλατεῖον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="fwto%5Cs">φωτὸς</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fntos">ὄντος</w> <w lemma="a%29nafe%2Frein">ἀναφέρειν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="xilia%2Frxous">χιλιάρχους</w>.
<w lemma="ka%29%5Cn">κἂν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29nenexqh%3D%7C">ἀνενεχθῇ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="doqe%2Fnta">δοθέντα</w>, <w lemma="ginw%2Fskei">γινώσκει</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="de%2Fdotai">δέδοται</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fnqhma">σύνθημα</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsi">πᾶσι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntwn">πάντων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fkei:">ἥκει·</w>
<w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29llei%2Fph%7C">ἐλλείπῃ</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w>, <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fdas">πόδας</w> <w lemma="zhtei%3D">ζητεῖ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="gegono%2Fs">γεγονός</w>, <w lemma="ei%29dw%5Cs">εἰδὼς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29pigrafh%3Ds">ἐπιγραφῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="poi%2Fou">ποίου</w> <w lemma="me%2Frous">μέρους</w> <w lemma="ou%29x">οὐχ</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fkei">ἥκει</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="platei%3Don">πλατεῖον</w>. <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="eu%28reqh%3D%7C">εὑρεθῇ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kw%2Fluma">κώλυμα</w>, <w lemma="tugxa%2Fnei">τυγχάνει</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kaqhkou%2Fshs">καθηκούσης</w> <w lemma="zhmi%2Fas">ζημίας</w>.
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<head>Daily Orders and Watchwords</head>As to the construction of the foss and vallum,<note anchored="yes" place="unspecified" id="note50">Polybius always calls this the<foreign lang="greek">χάραξ</foreign>or<foreign lang="greek">χαράκωμα.</foreign>But the Romans had<note anchored="yes" place="marg">Construction of the<foreign lang="la">fossa</foreign>and<foreign lang="la">agger.</foreign></note>two words,<foreign lang="la">agger</foreign>the embankment, and<foreign lang="la">vallum</foreign>the palisading on the top of it. Either word, however, is often used to represent the whole structure.</note>two sides fall to the lot of the socii, each division taking that side along which it is quartered; the other two are left to the Romans, one to each legion. Each side is divided into portions according to the number of maniples, and the centurions stand by and superintend the work of each maniple; while two of the Tribunes superintend the construction of the whole<pb n="487" />side and see that it is adequate. In the same way the Tribunes superintend all other operations in the camp. They divide themselves in twos, and each pair is on duty for two months out of six; they draw lots for their turns, and the pair on whom the lot falls takes the superintendence of all active operations. The prefects of the socii divide their duty in the same way.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note51">Orders of the day.</note>At daybreak the officers of the cavalry and the centurions muster at the tents of the Tribunes, while the Tribunes go to that of the Consul. He gives the necessary orders to the Tribunes, they to the cavalry officers and centurions, and these last pass them on to the rank and file as occasion may demand.To secure the passing round of the watchword for the<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note52">The watchword.</note>night the following course is followed. One man is selected from the tenth maniple, which, in the case both of cavalry and infantry, is quartered at the ends of the road between the tents; this man is relieved from guard-duty and appears each day about sunset at the tent of the Tribune on duty, takes the<foreign lang="la">tessera</foreign>or wooden tablet on which the watchword is inscribed, and returns to his own maniple and delivers the wooden tablet and watchword in the presence of witnesses to the chief officer of the maniple next his own; he in the same way to the officer of the next, and so on, until it arrives at the first maniple stationed next the Tribunes. These men are obliged to deliver the tablet (<foreign lang="la">tessera</foreign>) to the Tribunes before dark. If they are all handed in, the Tribune knows that the watchword has been delivered to all, and has passed through all the ranks back to his hands: but if any one is missing, he at once investigates the matter; for he knows by the marks on the tablets from which division of the army the tablet has not appeared; and the man who is discovered to be responsible for its non-appearance is visited with condign punishment.
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Walbank Commentary