<w lemma="%2Atoi%3Ds">Τοῖς</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="deute%2Frois">δευτέροις</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="h%28liki%2Fan">ἡλικίαν</w>, <w lemma="a%28sta%2Ftois">ἁστάτοις</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="prosagoreuome%2Fnois">προσαγορευομένοις</w>, <w lemma="parh%2Fggeilan">παρήγγειλαν</w> <w lemma="fe%2Frein">φέρειν</w> <w lemma="panopli%2Fan">πανοπλίαν</w>.
<w lemma="e%29%2Fsti">ἔστι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai+kh%5C">Ῥωμαϊκὴ</w> <w lemma="panopli%2Fa">πανοπλία</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="qureo%2Fs">θυρεός</w> — <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="pla%2Ftos">πλάτος</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5C">ἐστὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kurth%3Ds">κυρτῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29pifanei%2Fas">ἐπιφανείας</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fnq%27">πένθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28mipodi%2Fwn">ἡμιποδίων</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="mh%3Dkos">μῆκος</w> <w lemma="podw%3Dn">ποδῶν</w> <w lemma="tetta%2Frwn">τεττάρων</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Ftuos">ἴτυος</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fxos">πάχος</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="palaistiai%3Don">παλαιστιαῖον</w> —
<w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="diplou%3D">διπλοῦ</w> <w lemma="sanidw%2Fmatos">σανιδώματος</w> <w lemma="tauroko%2Fllh%7C">ταυροκόλλῃ</w> <w lemma="pephgw%2Fs">πεπηγώς</w>, <w lemma="o%29qoni%2Fw%7C">ὀθονίῳ</w>, <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="mosxei%2Fw%7C">μοσχείῳ</w> <w lemma="de%2Frmati">δέρματι</w> <w lemma="periei%2Flhtai">περιείληται</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29kto%5Cs">ἐκτὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29pifa%2Fneian">ἐπιφάνειαν</w>.
<w lemma="e%29%2Fxei">ἔχει</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Ftun">ἴτυν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fnwqen">ἄνωθεν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ka%2Ftwqen">κάτωθεν</w> <w lemma="merw%3Dn">μερῶν</w> <w lemma="sidhrou%3Dn">σιδηροῦν</w> <w lemma="sia%2Flwma">σιάλωμα</w>, <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fs">τάς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="katafora%5Cs">καταφορὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="maxairw%3Dn">μαχαιρῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29sfali%2Fzetai">ἀσφαλίζεται</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="gh%3Dn">γῆν</w> <w lemma="e%29cerei%2Fseis">ἐξερείσεις</w>.
<w lemma="prosh%2Frmostai">προσήρμοσται</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sidhra%3D">σιδηρᾶ</w> <w lemma="ko%2Fgxos">κόγχος</w>, <w lemma="h%28%5C">ἣ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="o%28losxerei%3Ds">ὁλοσχερεῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29poste%2Fgei">ἀποστέγει</w> <w lemma="plhga%5Cs">πληγὰς</w> <w lemma="li%2Fqwn">λίθων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sarisw%3Dn">σαρισῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kaqo%2Flou">καθόλου</w> <w lemma="biai%2Fwn">βιαίων</w> <w lemma="belw%3Dn">βελῶν</w>.
<w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="qurew%3D%7C">θυρεῷ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxaira:">μάχαιρα·</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fthn">ταύτην</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="decio%5Cn">δεξιὸν</w> <w lemma="fe%2Frei">φέρει</w> <w lemma="mhro%2Fn">μηρόν</w>, <w lemma="kalou%3Dsi">καλοῦσι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29th%5Cn">αὐτὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhrikh%2Fn">Ἰβηρικήν</w>.
<w lemma="e%29%2Fxei">ἔχει</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28%2Fth">αὕτη</w> <w lemma="ke%2Fnthma">κέντημα</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fforon">διάφορον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="katafora%5Cn">καταφορὰν</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="a%29mfoi%3Dn">ἀμφοῖν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Dn">τοῖν</w> <w lemma="meroi%3Dn">μεροῖν</w> <w lemma="bi%2Faion">βίαιον</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="o%29beli%2Fskon">ὀβελίσκον</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="i%29sxuro%5Cn">ἰσχυρὸν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnimon">μόνιμον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w>.
<w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="u%28ssoi%5C">ὑσσοὶ</w> <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="perikefalai%2Fa">περικεφαλαία</w> <w lemma="xalkh%3D">χαλκῆ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="proknhmi%2Fs">προκνημίς</w>. <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="u%28ssw%3Dn">ὑσσῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29sin">εἰσιν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="paxei%3Ds">παχεῖς</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="leptoi%2F">λεπτοί</w>.
<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="sterewte%2Frwn">στερεωτέρων</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="stroggu%2Floi">στρογγύλοι</w> <w lemma="palaistiai%2Fan">παλαιστιαίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxousi">ἔχουσι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fmetron">διάμετρον</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tetra%2Fgwnoi">τετράγωνοι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pleura%2Fn">πλευράν</w>. <w lemma="oi%28%2F">οἵ</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="leptoi%5C">λεπτοὶ</w> <w lemma="sibuni%2Fois">σιβυνίοις</w> <w lemma="e%29oi%2Fkasi">ἐοίκασι</w> <w lemma="summe%2Ftrois">συμμέτροις</w>, <w lemma="ou%28%5Cs">οὓς</w> <w lemma="forou%3Dsi">φοροῦσι</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnwn">προειρημένων</w>.
<w lemma="a%28pa%2Fntwn">ἁπάντων</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="cu%2Flou">ξύλου</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="mh%3Dko%2Fs">μῆκός</w> <w lemma="e%29stin">ἐστιν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="ph%2Fxeis">πήχεις</w>. <w lemma="prosh%2Frmostai">προσήρμοσται</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstois">ἑκάστοις</w> <w lemma="be%2Flos">βέλος</w> <w lemma="sidhrou%3Dn">σιδηροῦν</w> <w lemma="a%29gkistrwto%2Fn">ἀγκιστρωτόν</w>, <w lemma="i%29%2Fson">ἴσον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxon">ἔχον</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="mh%3Dkos">μῆκος</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="cu%2Flois:">ξύλοις·</w>
<w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fndesin">ἔνδεσιν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fan">χρείαν</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="a%29sfali%2Fzontai">ἀσφαλίζονται</w> <w lemma="bebai%2Fws">βεβαίως</w>, <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="me%2Fswn">μέσων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="cu%2Flwn">ξύλων</w> <w lemma="e%29ndide%2Fntes">ἐνδιδέντες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="puknai%3Ds">πυκναῖς</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="labi%2Fsi">λαβίσι</w> <w lemma="kataperonw%3Dntes">καταπερονῶντες</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="desmo%5Cn">δεσμὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fais">χρείαις</w> <w lemma="a%29naxalasqh%3Dnai">ἀναχαλασθῆναι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="si%2Fdhron">σίδηρον</w> <w lemma="qrau%2Fesqai">θραύεσθαι</w>, <w lemma="kai%2Fper">καίπερ</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fnta">ὄντα</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fxos">πάχος</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="puqme%2Fni">πυθμένι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="cu%2Flon">ξύλον</w> <w lemma="sunafh%3D%7C">συναφῇ</w> <w lemma="triw%3Dn">τριῶν</w> <w lemma="h%28midaktuli%2Fwn:">ἡμιδακτυλίων·</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tosou%3Dton">τοσοῦτον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toiau%2Fthn">τοιαύτην</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fnoian">πρόνοιαν</w> <w lemma="poiou%3Dntai">ποιοῦνται</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29nde%2Fsews">ἐνδέσεως</w>.
<w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsi">πᾶσι</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="prosepikosmou%3Dntai">προσεπικοσμοῦνται</w> <w lemma="pteri%2Fnw%7C">πτερίνῳ</w> <w lemma="stefa%2Fnw%7C">στεφάνῳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pteroi%3Ds">πτεροῖς</w> <w lemma="foinikoi%3Ds">φοινικοῖς</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="me%2Flasin">μέλασιν</w> <w lemma="o%29rqoi%3Ds">ὀρθοῖς</w> <w lemma="trisi%2Fn">τρισίν</w>,
<w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="phxuai%2Fois">πηχυαίοις</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgeqos">μέγεθος</w>, <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="prosteqe%2Fntwn">προστεθέντων</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="korufh%5Cn">κορυφὴν</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllois">ἄλλοις</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fplois">ὅπλοις</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29nh%5Cr">ἀνὴρ</w> <w lemma="fai%2Fnetai">φαίνεται</w> <w lemma="dipla%2Fsios">διπλάσιος</w> <w lemma="e%28autou%3D">ἑαυτοῦ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgeqos">μέγεθος</w>, <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fyis">ὄψις</w> <w lemma="kalh%5C">καλὴ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kataplhktikh%5C">καταπληκτικὴ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29nanti%2Fois">ἐναντίοις</w>.
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="polloi%5C">πολλοὶ</w> <w lemma="proslabo%2Fntes">προσλαβόντες</w> <w lemma="xa%2Flkwma">χάλκωμα</w> <w lemma="spiqamiai%3Don">σπιθαμιαῖον</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnth%7C">πάντῃ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntws">πάντως</w>, <w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="prosti%2Fqentai">προστίθενται</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ste%2Frnwn">στέρνων</w>, <w lemma="kalou%3Dsi">καλοῦσι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kardiofu%2Flaka">καρδιοφύλακα</w>, <w lemma="telei%2Fan">τελείαν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxousi">ἔχουσι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="kaqo%2Fplisin:">καθόπλισιν·</w>
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="muri%2Fas">μυρίας</w> <w lemma="timw%2Fmenoi">τιμώμενοι</w> <w lemma="draxma%5Cs">δραχμὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29nti%5C">ἀντὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="kardiofu%2Flakos">καρδιοφύλακος</w> <w lemma="su%5Cn">σὺν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllois">ἄλλοις</w> <w lemma="a%28lusidwtou%5Cs">ἁλυσιδωτοὺς</w> <w lemma="periti%2Fqentai">περιτίθενται</w> <w lemma="qw%2Frakas">θώρακας</w>.
<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cs">αὐτὸς</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpos">τρόπος</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kaqopli%2Fsew%2Fs">καθοπλίσεώς</w> <w lemma="e%29sti">ἐστι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pri%2Fgkipas">πρίγκιπας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="triari%2Fous">τριαρίους</w>, <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29nti%5C">ἀντὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28ssw%3Dn">ὑσσῶν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="tria%2Frioi">τριάριοι</w> <w lemma="do%2Frata">δόρατα</w> <w lemma="forou%3Dsin">φοροῦσιν</w>.
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<head>Arms of the Other Soldiers</head>The second rank, the<foreign lang="la">Hastati,</foreign>are ordered to have the<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note28">2. Arms of the<foreign lang="la">Hastati, Principes,</foreign>and<foreign lang="la">Triarii.</foreign></note>complete panoply. This to a Roman means, first, a large shield (<foreign lang="la">scutum</foreign>), the surface of which is curved outwards, its breadth two and a half feet, its length four feet,—though there is also an extra sized shield in which these measures are increased by a palm's breadth. It consists of two layers of wood fastened together with bull's-hide glue; the outer surface of which is first covered with canvas, then with calf's skin, on the upper and lower edges it is bound with iron to resist the downward strokes of the sword, and the wear of resting upon the ground. Upon it also is fixed an iron boss (<foreign lang="la">umbo</foreign>), to resist the more formidable blows of stones and pikes, and of heavy missiles generally. With the shield they also carry a sword (<foreign lang="la">gladius</foreign>) hanging down by their right thigh, which is called a Spanish sword.<note anchored="yes" place="unspecified" id="note29">For the Spanish sword see Fr. xxii.</note>It has an excellent point, and can deal a formidable blow with either edge, because its blade is stout and unbending. In addition to these they have two<foreign lang="la">pila,</foreign>a brass helmet, and greaves (<foreign lang="la">ocreae</foreign>). Some of the<foreign lang="la">pila</foreign>are thick, some fine. Of the thicker, some are round with the diameter of a palm's length, others are a palm square. The fine pila are like moderate sized hunting spears, and they are carried along with the former sort. The wooden haft of them all is about three cubits long; and the iron head fixed to each half is barbed, and of the same length as the haft. They take extraordinary pains to attach the head to the haft firmly; they make the fastening of the one to the other so secure for use by binding it half<pb n="478" />way up the wood, and riveting it with a series of clasps, that the iron breaks sooner than this fastening comes loose, although its thickness at the socket and where it is fastened to the wood is a finger and a half's breadth. Besides these each man is decorated with a plume of feathers, with three purple or black feathers standing upright, about a cubit long. The effect of these being placed on the helmet, combined with the rest of the armour, is to give the man the appearance of being twice his real height, and to give him a noble aspect calculated to strike terror into the enemy. The common soldiers also receive a brass plate, a span square, which they put upon their breast and call a breastpiece (<foreign lang="la">pectorale</foreign>), and so complete their panoply. Those who are rated above a hundred thousand asses, instead of these breastpieces wear, with the rest of their armour, coats of mail (<foreign lang="la">loricae</foreign>). The Principes and Triarii are armed in the same way as the<foreign lang="la">Hastati,</foreign>except that instead of<foreign lang="la">pila</foreign>they carry long spears (<foreign lang="la">hastae</foreign>).
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Walbank Commentary