<w lemma="%2A%28omoi%2Fws">Ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="dh%3Dmos">δῆμος</w> <w lemma="u%28po%2Fxrew%2Fs">ὑπόχρεώς</w> <w lemma="e%29sti">ἐστι</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="sugklh%2Ftw%7C">συγκλήτῳ</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="stoxa%2Fzesqai">στοχάζεσθαι</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="o%29fei%2Flei">ὀφείλει</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="koinh%3D%7C">κοινῇ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fan">ἰδίαν</w>.
<w lemma="pollw%3Dn">πολλῶν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frgwn">ἔργων</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fntwn">ὄντων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29kdidome%2Fnwn">ἐκδιδομένων</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="timhtw%3Dn">τιμητῶν</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fshs">πάσης</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fas">Ἰταλίας</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29piskeua%5Cs">ἐπισκευὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kataskeua%5Cs">κατασκευὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="dhmosi%2Fwn">δημοσίων</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2F">ἅ</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="e%29cariqmh%2Fsaito">ἐξαριθμήσαιτο</w> <w lemma="r%28a%7Cdi%2Fws">ῥᾳδίως</w>, <w lemma="pollw%3Dn">πολλῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="potamw%3Dn">ποταμῶν</w>, <w lemma="lime%2Fnwn">λιμένων</w>, <w lemma="khpi%2Fwn">κηπίων</w>, <w lemma="meta%2Fllwn">μετάλλων</w>, <w lemma="xw%2Fras">χώρας</w>, <w lemma="sullh%2Fbdhn">συλλήβδην</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fsa">ὅσα</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fptwken">πέπτωκεν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="dunastei%2Fan">δυναστείαν</w>,
<w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="xeiri%2Fzesqai">χειρίζεσθαι</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fna">προειρημένα</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="plh%2Fqous">πλήθους</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sxedo%5Cn">σχεδὸν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fpos">ἔπος</w> <w lemma="ei%29pei%3Dn">εἰπεῖν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="e%29ndede%2Fsqai">ἐνδεδέσθαι</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="w%29nai%3Ds">ὠναῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29rgasi%2Fais">ἐργασίαις</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn:">τούτων·</w>
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="a%29gora%2Fzousi">ἀγοράζουσι</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="timhtw%3Dn">τιμητῶν</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%5C">αὐτοὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29kdo%2Fseis">ἐκδόσεις</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="koinwnou%3Dsi">κοινωνοῦσι</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29gguw%3Dntai">ἐγγυῶνται</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="h%29gorako%2Ftas">ἠγορακότας</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ou%29si%2Fas">οὐσίας</w> <w lemma="dido%2Fasi">διδόασι</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="dhmo%2Fsion">δημόσιον</w>.
<w lemma="e%29%2Fxei">ἔχει</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntwn">πάντων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnwn">προειρημένων</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="kuri%2Fan">κυρίαν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fdrion:">συνέδριον·</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnatai">δύναται</w> <w lemma="dou%3Dnai">δοῦναι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sumptw%2Fmatos">συμπτώματος</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnou">γενομένου</w> <w lemma="koufi%2Fsai">κουφίσαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="para%2Fpan">παράπαν</w> <w lemma="a%29duna%2Ftou">ἀδυνάτου</w> <w lemma="tino%5Cs">τινὸς</w> <w lemma="sumba%2Fntos">συμβάντος</w> <w lemma="a%29polu%3Dsai">ἀπολῦσαι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29rgwni%2Fas">ἐργωνίας</w>.
<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="polla%5C">πολλὰ</w> <w lemma="dh%2F">δή</w> <w lemma="tin%27">τιν᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%2Fn">ἐστίν</w>, <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="bla%2Fptei">βλάπτει</w> <w lemma="mega%2Fla">μεγάλα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="w%29felei%3D">ὠφελεῖ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="dhmo%2Fsia">δημόσια</w> <w lemma="xeiri%2Fzontas">χειρίζοντας</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhtos:">σύγκλητος·</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="a%29nafora%5C">ἀναφορὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnwn">προειρημένων</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnetai">γίνεται</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fthn">ταύτην</w>.
<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgiston">μέγιστον</w>, <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="a%29podi%2Fdontai">ἀποδίδονται</w> <w lemma="kritai%5C">κριταὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fstwn">πλείστων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="dhmosi%2Fwn">δημοσίων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%29diwtikw%3Dn">ἰδιωτικῶν</w> <w lemma="sunallagma%2Ftwn">συναλλαγμάτων</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fsa">ὅσα</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgeqos">μέγεθος</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxei">ἔχει</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29gklhma%2Ftwn">ἐγκλημάτων</w>.
<w lemma="dio%5C">διὸ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntes">πάντες</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="pi%2Fstin">πίστιν</w> <w lemma="e%29ndedeme%2Fnoi">ἐνδεδεμένοι</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dedio%2Ftes">δεδιότες</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fas">χρείας</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fdhlon">ἄδηλον</w>, <w lemma="eu%29labw%3Ds">εὐλαβῶς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxousi">ἔχουσι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29nsta%2Fseis">ἐνστάσεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29ntipra%2Fceis">ἀντιπράξεις</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="sugklh%2Ftou">συγκλήτου</w> <w lemma="boulhma%2Ftwn">βουλημάτων</w>.
<w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Ftwn">ὑπάτων</w> <w lemma="e%29pibola%5Cs">ἐπιβολὰς</w> <w lemma="dusxerw%3Ds">δυσχερῶς</w> <w lemma="a%29ntipra%2Fttousi">ἀντιπράττουσι</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fan">ἰδίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="koinh%3D%7C">κοινῇ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28pai%2Fqrois">ὑπαίθροις</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29kei%2Fnwn">ἐκείνων</w> <w lemma="pi%2Fptein">πίπτειν</w> <w lemma="e%29cousi%2Fan">ἐξουσίαν</w>.
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<head>Powers of the Senate</head>In like manner the people on its part is far from being independent of the Senate, and is bound to take its wishes into account both collectively and individually. For<pb n="473" />contracts, too numerous to count, are given out by the censors in all parts of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> for the repairs or construction of public buildings; there is also the collection of revenue from many rivers, harbours, gardens, mines, and land—everything, in a word, that comes under the control of the Roman government: and in all these the people at large are engaged; so that there is scarcely a man, so to speak, who is not interested either as a contractor or as being employed in the works.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note20">The people dependent on the Senate</note>For some. purchase the contracts from the censors for themselves; and others go partners with them; while others again go security for these contractors, or actually pledge their property to the treasury for them. Now over all these transactions the Senate has absolute control. It can grant an extension of time; and in case of unforeseen accident can relieve the contractors from a portion of their obligation, or release them from it altogether, if they are absolutely unable to fulfil it. And there are many details in which the Senate can inflict great hardships, or, on the other hand, grant great indulgences to the contractors: for in every case the appeal is to it. But the most important point of all is that the judges are taken from its members in the majority of trials, whether public or private, in which the charges are heavy.<note anchored="yes" place="unspecified" id="note21">This refers primarily to the<foreign lang="la">consilium</foreign>of the<foreign lang="la">quaesitor</foreign>in any special<foreign lang="la">quaestio</foreign>, which up to the time of the lex judiciaria of Gracchus, B. C. 122, was invariably composed of Senators. The same would apply to the<foreign lang="la">Quaestiones perpetuae</foreign>, only one of which existed in the time of Polybius, i.e.,<foreign lang="la">de repetundis</foreign>, established in 149 B.C. by the lex Calpurnia. Other single judices in civil suits, though nominated by the Praetor, were, Polybius intimates, almost necessarily Senators in cases of importance.</note>Consequently, all citizens are much at its mercy; and being alarmed at the uncertainty as to when they may need its aid, are cautious about resisting or actively opposing its will.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note22">and Consul.</note>And for a similar reason men do not rashly resist the wishes of the Consuls, because one and all may become subject to their absolute authority on a campaign.
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Walbank Commentary