<head lang="la">V. De Romanorum Re Publica Florente</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Ace%2Frcou">Ξέρξου</w> <w lemma="diaba%2Fsews">διαβάσεως</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ella%2Fda">Ἑλλάδα</w> ?<w lemma=""></w>? <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tria%2Fkonta">τριάκοντα</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftesin">ἔτεσιν</w> <w lemma="u%28%2Fsteron">ὕστερον</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kairw%3Dn">καιρῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29ei%5C">ἀεὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="prodieukrinoume%2Fnwn">προδιευκρινουμένων</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ka%2Flliston">κάλλιστον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="te%2Fleion">τέλειον</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29annibiakoi%3Ds">Ἀννιβιακοῖς</w> <w lemma="kairoi%3Ds">καιροῖς</w>, <w lemma="a%29f%27">ἀφ᾽</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="h%28mei%3Ds">ἡμεῖς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29ktroph%5Cn">ἐκτροπὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29poihsa%2Fmeqa">ἐποιησάμεθα</w>.
<w lemma="dio%5C">διὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="susta%2Fsews">συστάσεως</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w> <w lemma="a%29podedwko%2Ftes">ἀποδεδωκότες</w> <w lemma="peiraso%2Fmeqa">πειρασόμεθα</w> <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fdh">ἤδη</w> <w lemma="diasafei%3Dn">διασαφεῖν</w> <w lemma="o%28poi%3Do%2Fn">ὁποῖόν</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29kei%2Fnous">ἐκείνους</w> <w lemma="u%28ph%3Drxe">ὑπῆρχε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kairou%2Fs">καιρούς</w>, <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="leifqe%2Fntes">λειφθέντες</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aka%2Fnnan">Κάνναν</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxh%7C">μάχῃ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flois">ὅλοις</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fptaisan">ἔπταισαν</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fgmasin">πράγμασιν</w>.
<w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29gnow%3D">ἀγνοῶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="politei%2Fas">πολιτείας</w> <w lemma="o%28rmwme%2Fnois">ὁρμωμένοις</w> <w lemma="e%29llipeste%2Fran">ἐλλιπεστέραν</w> <w lemma="fanhso%2Fmeqa">φανησόμεθα</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dsqai">ποιεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29ch%2Fghsin">ἐξήγησιν</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fnia">ἔνια</w> <w lemma="paralipo%2Fntes">παραλιπόντες</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros:">μέρος·</w>
<w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29piginw%2Fskontes">ἐπιγινώσκοντες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="panto%5Cs">παντὸς</w> <w lemma="pei%3Dran">πεῖραν</w> <w lemma="ei%29lhfo%2Ftes">εἰληφότες</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="pai%2Fdwn">παίδων</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqesi">ἔθεσι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="nomi%2Fmois">νομίμοις</w> <w lemma="suntrofi%2Fan">συντροφίαν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="lego%2Fmenon">λεγόμενον</w> <w lemma="qauma%2Fsousin">θαυμάσουσιν</w> <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="paraleipo%2Fmenon">παραλειπόμενον</w> <w lemma="e%29pizhth%2Fsousin">ἐπιζητήσουσιν</w>,
<w lemma="ou%29de%5C">οὐδὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fqesin">πρόθεσιν</w> <w lemma="u%28polh%2Fyontai">ὑπολήψονται</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="gra%2Ffonta">γράφοντα</w> <w lemma="paralipei%3Dn">παραλιπεῖν</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="mikra%5Cs">μικρὰς</w> <w lemma="diafora%2Fs">διαφοράς</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgnoian">ἄγνοιαν</w> <w lemma="parasiwpa%3Dn">παρασιωπᾶν</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29rxa%5Cs">ἀρχὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fxonta">συνέχοντα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pragma%2Ftwn">πραγμάτων</w>.
<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="r%28hqe%2Fnta">ῥηθέντα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="e%29qau%2Fmazon">ἐθαύμαζον</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fnta">ὄντα</w> <w lemma="mikra%5C">μικρὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Frerga">πάρεργα</w>, <w lemma="paraleipo%2Fmena">παραλειπόμενα</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pizhtou%3Dsin">ἐπιζητοῦσιν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="a%29nagkai%3Da">ἀναγκαῖα</w>, <w lemma="boulo%2Fmenoi">βουλόμενοι</w> <w lemma="dokei%3Dn">δοκεῖν</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%5C">αὐτοὶ</w> <w lemma="ple%2Fon">πλέον</w> <w lemma="ei%29de%2Fnai">εἰδέναι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="suggrafe%2Fwn">συγγραφέων</w>.
<w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29gaqo%5Cn">ἀγαθὸν</w> <w lemma="krith%5Cn">κριτὴν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="paraleipome%2Fnwn">παραλειπομένων</w> <w lemma="dokima%2Fzein">δοκιμάζειν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="gra%2Ffontas">γράφοντας</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="legome%2Fnwn">λεγομένων</w>,
<w lemma="ka%29%5Cn">κἂν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="lamba%2Fnh%7C">λαμβάνῃ</w> <w lemma="yeu%3Ddos">ψεῦδος</w>, <w lemma="ei%29de%2Fnai">εἰδέναι</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="ka%29kei%3Dna">κἀκεῖνα</w> <w lemma="paralei%2Fpetai">παραλείπεται</w> <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgnoian">ἄγνοιαν</w>, <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="lego%2Fmenon">λεγόμενον</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqe%5Cs">ἀληθὲς</w> <w lemma="h%29%3D%7C">ᾖ</w>, <w lemma="sugxwrei%3Dn">συγχωρεῖν</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="ka%29kei%3Dna">κἀκεῖνα</w> <w lemma="parasiwpa%3Dtai">παρασιωπᾶται</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="kri%2Fsin">κρίσιν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgnoian">ἄγνοιαν</w>. [<foreign lang="la">Exc. Vat. p. 371M. 25, 6H;</foreign><w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <foreign lang="la">lin. 12</foreign>— <w lemma="a%29%2Fgnoian">ἄγνοιαν</w> <foreign lang="la">lin. 18 habet cod. Urb. fol. 65 cum VI, 10, 14 arcte cohaerentia; exc. ant. p. 177</foreign>.<w lemma=""></w>]
<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Atau%3Dta">Ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="ei%29rh%2Fsqw">εἰρήσθω</w> <w lemma="moi">μοι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="filotimo%2Fteron">φιλοτιμότερον</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="dikaio%2Fteron">δικαιότερον</w> <w lemma="e%29pitimw%3Dntas">ἐπιτιμῶντας</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="suggrafeu%3Dsin">συγγραφεῦσιν</w>. [<foreign lang="la">Exc. Vat. p. 372M. 25, 30H.</foreign>]
<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="pra%3Dgma">πρᾶγμα</w> <w lemma="su%5Cn">σὺν</w> <w lemma="kairw%3D%7C">καιρῷ</w> <w lemma="qewrou%2Fmenon">θεωρούμενον</w> <w lemma="u%28giei%3Ds">ὑγιεῖς</w> <w lemma="lamba%2Fnei">λαμβάνει</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="sugkataqe%2Fseis">συγκαταθέσεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29pitimh%2Fseis:">ἐπιτιμήσεις·</w> <w lemma="metapeso%2Fntos">μεταπεσόντος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllas">ἄλλας</w> <w lemma="perista%2Fseis">περιστάσεις</w> <w lemma="sugkrino%2Fmenon">συγκρινόμενον</w> <w lemma="ou%29x">οὐχ</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Don">οἷον</w> <w lemma="ai%28reto%2Fn">αἱρετόν</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29nekto%5Cn">ἀνεκτὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="fanei%2Fh">φανείη</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kra%2Ftista">κράτιστα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqinw%2Ftata">ἀληθινώτατα</w> <w lemma="polla%2Fkis">πολλάκις</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="suggrafe%2Fwn">συγγραφέων</w> <w lemma="ei%29rhme%2Fnon">εἰρημένον</w>. [<foreign lang="la">Ibid.</foreign>]
<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2A%29%3Dhn">Ἦν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="dh%5C">δὴ</w> <w lemma="tri%2Fa">τρία</w> <w lemma="me%2Frh">μέρη</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kratou%3Dnta">κρατοῦντα</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="politei%2Fas">πολιτείας</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fper">ἅπερ</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dpa">εἶπα</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fpanta:">ἅπαντα·</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Fsws">ἴσως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="prepo%2Fntws">πρεπόντως</w> <w lemma="sunete%2Ftakto">συνετέτακτο</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diw%7Ckei%3Dto">διῳκεῖτο</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="mhde%2Fna">μηδένα</w> <w lemma="pot%27">ποτ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="ei%29pei%3Dn">εἰπεῖν</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnasqai">δύνασθαι</w> <w lemma="bebai%2Fws">βεβαίως</w> <w lemma="mhde%5C">μηδὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29gxwri%2Fwn">ἐγχωρίων</w> <w lemma="po%2Fter%27">πότερ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29ristokratiko%5Cn">ἀριστοκρατικὸν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="poli%2Fteuma">πολίτευμα</w> <w lemma="su%2Fmpan">σύμπαν</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="dhmokratiko%5Cn">δημοκρατικὸν</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="monarxiko%2Fn">μοναρχικόν</w>.
<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dt%27">τοῦτ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%5Cs">εἰκὸς</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fsxein">πάσχειν</w>. <w lemma="o%28%2Fte">ὅτε</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Ftwn">ὑπάτων</w> <w lemma="a%29teni%2Fsaimen">ἀτενίσαιμεν</w> <w lemma="e%29cousi%2Fan">ἐξουσίαν</w>, <w lemma="telei%2Fws">τελείως</w> <w lemma="monarxiko%5Cn">μοναρχικὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29fai%2Fnet%27">ἐφαίνετ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="basiliko%2Fn">βασιλικόν</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fte">ὅτε</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="sugklh%2Ftou">συγκλήτου</w>, <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="a%29ristokratiko%2Fn:">ἀριστοκρατικόν·</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pollw%3Dn">πολλῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29cousi%2Fan">ἐξουσίαν</w> <w lemma="qewroi%2Fh">θεωροίη</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w>, <w lemma="e%29do%2Fkei">ἐδόκει</w> <w lemma="safw%3Ds">σαφῶς</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="dhmokratiko%2Fn">δημοκρατικόν</w>.
<w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fkaston">ἕκαστον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Ddos">εἶδος</w> <w lemma="merw%3Dn">μερῶν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="politei%2Fas">πολιτείας</w> <w lemma="e%29pekra%2Ftei">ἐπεκράτει</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="o%29li%2Fgwn">ὀλίγων</w> <w lemma="tinw%3Dn">τινῶν</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dt%27">ταῦτ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%2Fn">ἐστίν</w>.
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<head>The Roman Constitution</head>I have given an account of the constitution of Lycurgus, I will now endeavour to describe that of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> at the period of their disastrous defeat at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cannae&groupId=430&placeId=797">Cannae</a>.I am fully conscious that to those who actually live under<pb n="468" />this constitution I shall appear to give an inadequate account of it by the omission of certain details.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note14">The Roman constitution at the epoch of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cannae&groupId=430&placeId=797">Cannae</a>, B.C. 216.</note>Knowing accurately every portion of it from personal experience, and from having been bred up in its customs and laws from childhood, they will not be struck so much by the accuracy of the description, as annoyed by its omissions; nor will they believe that the historian has purposely omitted unimportant distinctions, but will attribute his silence upon the origin of existing institutions or other important facts to ignorance. What is told they depreciate as insignificant or beside the purpose; what is omitted they desiderate as vital to the question: their object being to appear to know more than the writers. But a good critic should not judge a writer by what he leaves unsaid, but from what he says: if he detects mis-statement in the latter, he may then feel certain that ignorance accounts for the former; but if what he says is accurate, his omissions ought to be attributed to deliberate judgment and not to ignorance. So much for those whose criticisms are prompted by personal ambition rather than by justice. . . .Another requisite for obtaining a judicious approval for an historical disquisition, is that it should be germane to the matter in hand; if this is not observed, though its style may be excellent and its matter irreproachable, it will seem out of place, and disgust rather than please. . . .As for the Roman constitution, it had three elements,<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note15">Triple element in the Roman Constitution.</note>each of them possessing sovereign powers: and their respective share of power in the whole state had been regulated with such a scrupulous regard to equality and equilibrium, that no one could say for certain, not even a native, whether the constitution as a whole were an aristocracy or democracy or despotism. And no wonder: for if we confine our observation to the power of the Consuls we should be inclined to regard it as despotic; if on that of the Senate, as aristocratic; and if finally one looks at the power possessed by the people it would seem a clear case of a democracy. What the exact powers of these several parts were, and still, with slight modifications, are, I will now state.<pb n="469" />
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Walbank Commentary