<w lemma="%2A%28o">Ὁ</w> <w lemma="dh%5C">δὴ</w> <w lemma="kalou%2Fmenos">καλούμενος</w> <w lemma="%2Apo%2Fntos">Πόντος</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxei">ἔχει</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="peri%2Fmetron">περίμετρον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fggista">ἔγγιστα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="dismuri%2Fwn">δισμυρίων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="disxili%2Fwn">δισχιλίων</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fwn">σταδίων</w>, <w lemma="sto%2Fmata">στόματα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ditta%5C">διττὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fmetron">διάμετρον</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flois">ἀλλήλοις</w> <w lemma="kei%2Fmena">κείμενα</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Aproponti%2Fdos">Προποντίδος</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Amaiw%2Ftidos">Μαιώτιδος</w> <w lemma="li%2Fmnhs">λίμνης</w>, <w lemma="h%28%2Ftis">ἥτις</w> <w lemma="au%29th%5C">αὐτὴ</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28th%5Cn">αὑτὴν</w> <w lemma="o%29ktakisxili%2Fwn">ὀκτακισχιλίων</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxei">ἔχει</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fwn">σταδίων</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="perigrafh%2Fn">περιγραφήν</w>.
<w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fna">προειρημένα</w> <w lemma="koilw%2Fmata">κοιλώματα</w> <w lemma="pollw%3Dn">πολλῶν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flwn">μεγάλων</w> <w lemma="potamw%3Dn">ποταμῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asi%2Fas">Ἀσίας</w> <w lemma="e%29kballo%2Fntwn">ἐκβαλλόντων</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="meizo%2Fnwn">μειζόνων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pleio%2Fnwn">πλειόνων</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29rw%2Fphs">Εὐρώπης</w>, <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2Amaiw%3Dtin">Μαιῶτιν</w> <w lemma="a%29naplhroume%2Fnhn">ἀναπληρουμένην</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="r%28ei%3Dn">ῥεῖν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Apo%2Fnton">Πόντον</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="sto%2Fmatos">στόματος</w>, <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Apo%2Fnton">Πόντον</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Aproponti%2Fda">Προποντίδα</w>.
<w lemma="kalei%3Dtai">καλεῖται</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Amaiw%2Ftidos">Μαιώτιδος</w> <w lemma="sto%2Fma">στόμα</w> <w lemma="%2Akimmeriko%5Cs">Κιμμερικὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Abo%2Fsporos">Βόσπορος</w>, <w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="pla%2Ftos">πλάτος</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxei">ἔχει</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tria%2Fkonta">τριάκοντα</w> <w lemma="sta%2Fdia">στάδια</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="mh%3Dkos">μῆκος</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%2Fkonta">ἑξήκοντα</w>, <w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5Cn">ἐστὶν</w> <w lemma="a%28litene%2Fs:">ἁλιτενές·</w>
<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Apo%2Fntou">Πόντου</w> <w lemma="paraplhsi%2Fws">παραπλησίως</w> <w lemma="o%29noma%2Fzetai">ὀνομάζεται</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2Abo%2Fsporos">Βόσπορος</w> <w lemma="%2Aqra%2F%7Ckios">Θρᾴκιος</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fsti">ἔστι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="mh%3Dkos">μῆκος</w> <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28kato%5Cn">ἑκατὸν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fkosi">εἴκοσι</w> <w lemma="sta%2Fdia">στάδια</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pla%2Ftos">πλάτος</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnth">πάντη</w> <w lemma="tau%29to%2Fn">ταὐτόν</w>.
<w lemma="a%29%2Frxei">ἄρχει</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="sto%2Fmatos">στόματος</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Aproponti%2Fdos">Προποντίδος</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Akalxhdo%2Fna">Καλχηδόνα</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fsthma">διάστημα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Abuza%2Fntion">Βυζάντιον</w>,
<w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="dekatetta%2Frwn">δεκατεττάρων</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5C">ἐστὶ</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fwn">σταδίων</w>, <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Apo%2Fntou">Πόντου</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kalou%2Fmenon">καλούμενον</w> <w lemma="%2A%28iero%2Fn">Ἱερόν</w>, <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpou">τόπου</w> <w lemma="fasi%5C">φασὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="%2Ako%2Flxwn">Κόλχων</w> <w lemma="a%29nakomidh%5Cn">ἀνακομιδὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ia%2Fsona">Ἰάσονα</w> <w lemma="qu%3Dsai">θῦσαι</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="dw%2Fdeka">δώδεκα</w> <w lemma="qeoi%3Ds:">θεοῖς·</w> <w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="kei%3Dtai">κεῖται</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asi%2Fas">Ἀσίας</w>, <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fxei">ἀπέχει</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29rw%2Fphs">Εὐρώπης</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="dw%2Fdeka">δώδεκα</w> <w lemma="sta%2Fdia">στάδια</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="katantikru%5C">καταντικρὺ</w> <w lemma="kei%2Fmenon">κείμενον</w> <w lemma="%2Asarapiei%3Don">Σαραπιεῖον</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Aqra%2F%7Ckhs">Θρᾴκης</w>.
<w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="r%28ei%3Dn">ῥεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fcw">ἔξω</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sunexe%5Cs">συνεχὲς</w> <w lemma="th%2Fn">τήν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="%2Amaiw%3Dtin">Μαιῶτιν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Apo%2Fnton">Πόντον</w> <w lemma="ei%29si%5Cn">εἰσὶν</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fai">αἰτίαι</w> <w lemma="dittai%2F">διτταί</w>, <w lemma="mi%2Fa">μία</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="au%29to%2Fqen">αὐτόθεν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsi">πᾶσι</w> <w lemma="profanh%2Fs">προφανής</w>, <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fn">ἥν</w>, <w lemma="pollw%3Dn">πολλῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29spipto%2Fntwn">εἰσπιπτόντων</w> <w lemma="r%28euma%2Ftwn">ῥευμάτων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="perigrafh%5Cn">περιγραφὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29ggei%2Fwn">ἀγγείων</w> <w lemma="w%28risme%2Fnwn">ὡρισμένων</w>, <w lemma="plei%3Don">πλεῖον</w> <w lemma="a%29ei%5C">ἀεὶ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Don">πλεῖον</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnetai">γίνεται</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="u%28gro%2Fn">ὑγρόν</w>,
<w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="mhdemia%3Ds">μηδεμιᾶς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="u%28parxou%2Fshs">ὑπαρχούσης</w> <w lemma="e%29kru%2Fsews">ἐκρύσεως</w> <w lemma="de%2Fon">δέον</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="prosanabai%3Dnon">προσαναβαῖνον</w> <w lemma="a%29ei%5C">ἀεὶ</w> <w lemma="mei%2Fzw">μείζω</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fw">πλείω</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="koilw%2Fmatos">κοιλώματος</w> <w lemma="perilamba%2Fnein">περιλαμβάνειν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpon">τόπον</w>, <w lemma="u%28parxousw%3Dn">ὑπαρχουσῶν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29kru%2Fsewn">ἐκρύσεων</w> <w lemma="a%29na%2Fgkh">ἀνάγκη</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="prosgino%2Fmenon">προσγινόμενον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pleona%2Fzon">πλεονάζον</w> <w lemma="u%28perpi%3Dpton">ὑπερπῖπτον</w> <w lemma="a%29porrei%3Dn">ἀπορρεῖν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="fe%2Fresqai">φέρεσθαι</w> <w lemma="sunexw%3Ds">συνεχῶς</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28parxo%2Fntwn">ὑπαρχόντων</w> <w lemma="stoma%2Ftwn:">στομάτων·</w>
<w lemma="deute%2Fra">δευτέρα</w> <w lemma="de%2F">δέ</w>, <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fn">ἥν</w>, <w lemma="polu%5Cn">πολὺν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pantodapo%5Cn">παντοδαπὸν</w> <w lemma="xou%3Dn">χοῦν</w> <w lemma="ei%29sfero%2Fntwn">εἰσφερόντων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fna">προειρημένα</w> <w lemma="koilw%2Fmata">κοιλώματα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="potamw%3Dn">ποταμῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fmbrwn">ὄμβρων</w> <w lemma="e%29pita%2Fseis">ἐπιτάσεις</w>, <w lemma="e%29kpiezo%2Fmenon">ἐκπιεζόμενον</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="u%28gro%5Cn">ὑγρὸν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="sunistame%2Fnwn">συνισταμένων</w> <w lemma="e%29gxwma%2Ftwn">ἐγχωμάτων</w> <w lemma="a%29ei%5C">ἀεὶ</w> <w lemma="prosanabai%2Fnei">προσαναβαίνει</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="fe%2Fretai">φέρεται</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28parxousw%3Dn">ὑπαρχουσῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29kru%2Fsewn">ἐκρύσεων</w>.
<w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29gxw%2Fsews">ἐγχώσεως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29pirru%2Fsews">ἐπιρρύσεως</w> <w lemma="a%29diapau%2Fstou">ἀδιαπαύστου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunexou%3Ds">συνεχοῦς</w> <w lemma="ginome%2Fnhs">γινομένης</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="potamw%3Dn">ποταμῶν</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%2Frrusin">ἀπόρρυσιν</w> <w lemma="a%29dia%2Fpauston">ἀδιάπαυστον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunexh%3D">συνεχῆ</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnesqai">γίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="stoma%2Ftwn">στομάτων</w> <w lemma="a%29nagkai%3Don">ἀναγκαῖον</w>.
<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Aai%28">Αἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqei%3Ds">ἀληθεῖς</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fai">αἰτίαι</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="r%28ei%3Dn">ῥεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fcw">ἔξω</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Apo%2Fnton">Πόντον</w> <w lemma="ai%28%2Fd%27">αἵδ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29si%2Fn">εἰσίν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="e%29mporikw%3Dn">ἐμπορικῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxousai">ἔχουσαι</w> <w lemma="dihghma%2Ftwn">διηγημάτων</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pi%2Fstin">πίστιν</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="fu%2Fsin">φύσιν</w> <w lemma="qew">θεω</w>
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<head>The Black Sea</head>The sea called "The <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pontus&groupId=910&placeId=1634">Pontus</a>" has a circumference of<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note87">The <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pontus&groupId=910&placeId=1634">Pontus</a>.</note>twenty-two thousand stades, and two mouths diametrically opposite to each other, the one opening into the Propontis and the other into the Maeotic Lake; which latter also has itself a circumference of eight thousand stades. Into these two basins many great rivers discharge themselves on the Asiatic side, and still larger and more numerous on the European; and so the Maeotic lake, as it gets filled up, flows into the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pontus&groupId=910&placeId=1634">Pontus</a>, and the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pontus&groupId=910&placeId=1634">Pontus</a> into the Propontis. The mouth of the Maeotic lake is called the Cimmerian Bosporus, about thirty stades broad and sixty long, and shallow all over; that of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pontus&groupId=910&placeId=1634">Pontus</a> is called the Thracian Bosporus, and is a hundred and twenty stades long, and of a varying breadth. Between Calchedon and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Byzantium&groupId=415&placeId=767">Byzantium</a> the channel is fourteen stades broad, and this is the entrance at the end nearest the<pb n="315" />Propontis. Coming from the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pontus&groupId=910&placeId=1634">Pontus</a>, it begins at a place called Hieron, at which they say that Jason on his return voyage from Colchis first sacrificed to the twelve gods. This place is on the Asiatic side, and its distance from the European coast is twelve stades, measuring to Sarapieium, which lies exactly opposite in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thrace&groupId=1030&placeId=509">Thrace</a>. There are two causes which account for the fact that the waters, both of the Maeotic lake and the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pontus&groupId=910&placeId=1634">Pontus</a>, continually flow outwards. One is patent at once to every observer, namely, that by the continual discharge of many streams into basins which are of definite circumference and content, the water necessarily is continually increasing in bulk, and, had there been no outlet, would inevitably have encroached more and more, and occupied an ever enlarging area in the depression: but as outlets do exist, the surplus water is carried off by a natural process, and runs perpetually through the channels that are there to receive it. The second cause is the alluvial soil brought down, in immense quantities of every description, by the rivers swollen from heavy rains, which forms shelving banks and continually forces the water to take a higher level, which is thus also carried through these outlets. Now as this process of alluvial deposit and influx of water is unceasing and continuous, so also the discharge through the channels is necessarily unceasing and continuous.These are the true causes of the outflow of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pontus&groupId=910&placeId=1634">Pontus</a>, which do not depend for their credit on the stories of merchants, but upon the actual observation of nature, which is the most accurate method discoverable.
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Walbank Commentary