Polybius, Histories

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Book 4 - Chapter 21

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<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="ne%2Foi">νέοι</w>. <w lemma="tau%3Dta%2F">ταῦτά</w> <w lemma="te%2F">τέ</w> <w lemma="moi">μοι</w> <w lemma="dokou%3Dsin">δοκοῦσιν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flai">πάλαι</w> <w lemma="pareisagagei%3Dn">παρεισαγαγεῖν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="trufh%3Ds">τρυφῆς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="periousi%2Fas">περιουσίας</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="qewrou%3Dntes">θεωροῦντες</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstwn">ἑκάστων</w> <w lemma="au%29tourgi%2Fan">αὐτουργίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sullh%2Fbdhn">συλλήβδην</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fwn">βίων</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fponon">ἐπίπονον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sklhro%2Fn">σκληρόν</w>, <w lemma="qewrou%3Dntes">θεωροῦντες</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="h%29qw%3Dn">ἠθῶν</w> <w lemma="au%29sthri%2Fan">αὐστηρίαν</w>, <w lemma="h%28%2Ftis">ἥτις</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="pare%2Fpetai">παρέπεται</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="perie%2Fxontos">περιέχοντος</w> <w lemma="yuxro%2Fthta">ψυχρότητα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="stugno%2Fthta">στυγνότητα</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Dston">πλεῖστον</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpois">τόποις</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxousan">ὑπάρχουσαν</w>, <w lemma="w%28%3D%7C">ᾧ</w> <w lemma="sunecomoiou%3Dsqai">συνεξομοιοῦσθαι</w> <w lemma="pefu%2Fkamen">πεφύκαμεν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntes">πάντες</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fnqrwpoi">ἄνθρωποι</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29na%2Fgkhn:">ἀνάγκην·</w>
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<w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllhn">ἄλλην</w>, <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fthn">ταύτην</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fan">αἰτίαν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29qnika%5Cs">ἐθνικὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="o%28losxerei%3Ds">ὁλοσχερεῖς</w> <w lemma="diasta%2Fseis">διαστάσεις</w> <w lemma="plei%3Dston">πλεῖστον</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flwn">ἀλλήλων</w> <w lemma="diafe%2Fromen">διαφέρομεν</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fqesi%2F">ἤθεσί</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="morfai%3Ds">μορφαῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="xrw%2Fmasin">χρώμασιν</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pithdeuma%2Ftwn">ἐπιτηδευμάτων</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fstois">πλείστοις</w>.
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<w lemma="boulo%2Fmenoi">βουλόμενοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="mala%2Fttein">μαλάττειν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kirna%3Dn">κιρνᾶν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="fu%2Fsews">φύσεως</w> <w lemma="au%29%2Fqades">αὔθαδες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sklhro%2Fn">σκληρόν</w>, <w lemma="ta%2F">τά</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fna">προειρημένα</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="pareish%2Fgagon">παρεισήγαγον</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="suno%2Fdous">συνόδους</w> <w lemma="koina%5Cs">κοινὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="qusi%2Fas">θυσίας</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fstas">πλείστας</w> <w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="a%29ndra%2Fsi">ἀνδράσι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="gunaici%5C">γυναιξὶ</w> <w lemma="katei%2Fqisan">κατείθισαν</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="xorou%5Cs">χοροὺς</w> <w lemma="parqe%2Fnwn">παρθένων</w> <w lemma="o%28mou%3D">ὁμοῦ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pai%2Fdwn">παίδων</w>,
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<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sullh%2Fbdhn">συλλήβδην</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="e%29mhxanh%2Fsanto">ἐμηχανήσαντο</w>, <w lemma="speu%2Fdontes">σπεύδοντες</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="yuxh%3Ds">ψυχῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29te%2Framnon">ἀτέραμνον</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29qismw%3Dn">ἐθισμῶν</w> <w lemma="kataskeuh%3Ds">κατασκευῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29chmerou%3Dn">ἐξημεροῦν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="prau+%2Fnein">πραΰνειν</w>.
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<w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="%2Akunaiqei%3Ds">Κυναιθεῖς</w> <w lemma="o%29ligwrh%2Fsantes">ὀλιγωρήσαντες</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w>. <w lemma="plei%2Fsths">πλείστης</w> <w lemma="deo%2Fmenoi">δεόμενοι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="toiau%2Fths">τοιαύτης</w> <w lemma="e%29pikouri%2Fas">ἐπικουρίας</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sklhro%2Ftaton">σκληρότατον</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="polu%5C">πολὺ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29arkadi%2Fas">Ἀρκαδίας</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="a%29e%2Fra">ἀέρα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpon">τόπον</w>, <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="au%29ta%5Cs">αὐτὰς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flois">ἀλλήλοις</w> <w lemma="diatriba%5Cs">διατριβὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="filotimi%2Fas">φιλοτιμίας</w> <w lemma="o%28rmh%2Fsantes">ὁρμήσαντες</w>,
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<w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="a%29peqhriw%2Fqhsan">ἀπεθηριώθησαν</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="mhd%27">μηδ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="o%28poi%2Fa%7C">ὁποίᾳ</w> <w lemma="gegone%2Fnai">γεγονέναι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellhni%2Fdwn">Ἑλληνίδων</w> <w lemma="po%2Flewn">πόλεων</w> <w lemma="a%29sebh%2Fmata">ἀσεβήματα</w> <w lemma="mei%2Fzona">μείζονα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunexe%2Fstera">συνεχέστερα</w>.
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<w lemma="shmei%3Don">σημεῖον</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Akunaiqe%2Fwn">Κυναιθέων</w> <w lemma="a%29tuxi%2Fas">ἀτυχίας</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllwn">ἄλλων</w> <w lemma="%2A%29arka%2Fdwn">Ἀρκάδων</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftois">τοιούτοις</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pithdeuma%2Ftwn">ἐπιτηδευμάτων</w> <w lemma="dusaresth%2Fsews:">δυσαρεστήσεως·</w>
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<w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%28%5Cs">οὓς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="kairou%5Cs">καιροὺς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flhn">μεγάλην</w> <w lemma="sfagh%5Cn">σφαγὴν</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsantes">ποιήσαντες</w> <w lemma="%2Akunaiqei%3Ds">Κυναιθεῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29pre%2Fsbeusan">ἐπρέσβευσαν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Alakedaimoni%2Fous">Λακεδαιμονίους</w>, <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="a%28%5Cs">ἃς</w> <w lemma="po%2Fleis">πόλεις</w> <w lemma="pot%27">ποτ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29arkadika%5Cs">Ἀρκαδικὰς</w> <w lemma="ei%29sh%3Dlqon">εἰσῆλθον</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="o%28do%2Fn">ὁδόν</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Flloi">ἄλλοι</w> <w lemma="paraxrh%3Dma">παραχρῆμα</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntes">πάντες</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29cekh%2Frucan">ἐξεκήρυξαν</w>,
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<w lemma="%2Amantinei%3Ds">Μαντινεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29pallagh%5Cn">ἀπαλλαγὴν</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kaqarmo%5Cn">καθαρμὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29poih%2Fsanto">ἐποιήσαντο</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sfa%2Fgia">σφάγια</w> <w lemma="perih%2Fnegkan">περιήνεγκαν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="ku%2Fklw%7C">κύκλῳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fras">χώρας</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fshs">πάσης</w>.
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<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Atau%3Dta">Ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="h%28mi%3Dn">ἡμῖν</w> <w lemma="ei%29rh%2Fsqw">εἰρήσθω</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="mi%2Fan">μίαν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="koino%5Cn">κοινὸν</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dqos">ἦθος</w> <w lemma="diaba%2Fllesqai">διαβάλλεσθαι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29arka%2Fdwn">Ἀρκάδων</w>, <w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="nomi%2Fsantas">νομίσαντας</w> <w lemma="e%29ni%2Fous">ἐνίους</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="katoikou%2Fntwn">κατοικούντων</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29arkadi%2Fan">Ἀρκαδίαν</w> <w lemma="periousi%2Fas">περιουσίας</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="mousikh%5Cn">μουσικὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Don">πλεῖον</w> <w lemma="a%29skei%3Dsqai">ἀσκεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28toi%3Ds">αὑτοῖς</w> <w lemma="o%29ligwrei%3Dn">ὀλιγωρεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29gxeirh%3Dsai">ἐγχειρῆσαι</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="me%2Frous">μέρους</w>,
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<w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Akunaiqe%2Fwn">Κυναιθέων</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fneken">ἕνεκεν</w>, <w lemma="i%28%2Fn%27">ἵν᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fn">ἄν</w> <w lemma="pot%27">ποτ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="qeo%5Cs">θεὸς</w> <w lemma="eu%29%3D">εὖ</w> <w lemma="dw%3D%7C">δῷ</w>, <w lemma="trape%2Fntes">τραπέντες</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="paidei%2Fan">παιδείαν</w> <w lemma="h%28merw%3Dsin">ἡμερῶσιν</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%2Fs">αὑτούς</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="mousikh%2Fn:">μουσικήν·</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnws">μόνως</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="lh%2Fcaien">λήξαιεν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnhs">γενομένης</w> <w lemma="a%29grio%2Fthtos">ἀγριότητος</w>.
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<w lemma="h%28mei%3Ds">ἡμεῖς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29peidh%5C">ἐπειδὴ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Akunaiqe%2Fwn">Κυναιθέων</w> <w lemma="u%28popi%2Fptonta">ὑποπίπτοντα</w> <w lemma="dedhlw%2Fkamen">δεδηλώκαμεν</w>, <w lemma="au%29%3Dtis">αὖτις</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29ktroph%5Cn">ἐκτροπὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pa%2Fnimen">ἐπάνιμεν</w>.
<head>Why the Ancient Arcadians Turned to Music</head>Now the object of the ancient Arcadians in introducing<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note46">The object of the musical training of the Arcadians.</note>these customs was not, as I think, the gratification of luxury and extravagance. They saw that Arcadia was a nation of workers; that the life of the people was laborious and hard; and that, as a natural consequence of the coldness and gloom which were the prevailing features of a great part of the country, the general character of the people was austere. For we mortals have an irresistible tendency to yield to climatic influences: and to this cause, and no other, may be traced the great distinctions which prevail amongst us in character, physical formation, and complexion, as well as in most of our habits, varying with nationality or wide local separation. And it was with a view of softening and tempering this natural ruggedness and rusticity, that they not only introduced the things which I have mentioned, but also the custom of holding assemblies and frequently offering sacrifices, in both of which women took part equally with men; and having mixed dances of girls and boys: and in fact did everything they could to humanise their souls by the civilising and softening influence of such culture. The people of Cynaetha entirely neglected these things, although they needed them more than any one else, because their climate and country is by far the most unfavourable in all Arcadia; and on the contrary gave their whole minds to mutual animosities and contentions. They in consequence became finally so brutalised, that no Greek city has ever witnessed a longer series of the most atrocious crimes. I will give one instance of the ill fortune of Cynaetha in this respect, and of the disapproval of such proceedings on the<pb n="298" />part of the Arcadians at large. When the Cynaethans, after their great massacre, sent an embassy to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a>, every city which the ambassadors entered on their road at once ordered them by a herald to depart; while the Mantineans not only did that, but after their departure regularly purified their city and territory from the taint of blood, by carrying victims round them both.I have had three objects in saying thus much on this subject. First, that the character of the Arcadians should not suffer from the crimes of one city: secondly, that other nations should not neglect music, from an idea that certain Arcadians give an excessive and extravagant attention to it: and, lastly, I speak for the sake of the Cynaethans themselves, that, if ever God gives them better fortune, they may humanise themselves by turning their attention to education, and especially to music.