Polybius, Histories

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Book 22 - Chapter 8

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<w lemma="kate%2Fpausan">κατέπαυσαν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w>. <w lemma="meq%27">μεθ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%28%5Cs">οὓς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29apollwni%2Fdas">Ἀπολλωνίδας</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Asikuw%2Fnios">Σικυώνιος</w> <w lemma="a%29nasta%5Cs">ἀναστὰς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="didome%2Fnwn">διδομένων</w> <w lemma="xrhma%2Ftwn">χρημάτων</w> <w lemma="a%29ci%2Fan">ἀξίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffh">ἔφη</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="dwrea%5Cn">δωρεὰν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w>, <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="proai%2Fresin">προαίρεσιν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="dido%2Fntos">διδόντος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fan">χρείαν</w>,
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<w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="h%28%5Cn">ἣν</w> <w lemma="di%2Fdotai">δίδοται</w>, <w lemma="pasw%3Dn">πασῶν</w> <w lemma="ai%29sxi%2Fsthn">αἰσχίστην</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="paranomwta%2Fthn">παρανομωτάτην</w>.
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<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="no%2Fmwn">νόμων</w> <w lemma="kwluo%2Fntwn">κωλυόντων</w> <w lemma="mhqe%2Fna">μηθένα</w> <w lemma="mh%2Fte">μήτε</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%29diwtw%3Dn">ἰδιωτῶν</w> <w lemma="mh%2Fte">μήτε</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29rxo%2Fntwn">ἀρχόντων</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fws">βασιλέως</w> <w lemma="dw%3Dra">δῶρα</w> <w lemma="lamba%2Fnein">λαμβάνειν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="mhd%27">μηδ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28poi%2Fan">ὁποίαν</w> <w lemma="pro%2Ffasin">πρόφασιν</w>, <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="dwrodokei%3Dsqai">δωροδοκεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="profanw%3Ds">προφανῶς</w>, <w lemma="prosdecame%2Fnous">προσδεξαμένους</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="xrh%2Fmata">χρήματα</w>, <w lemma="pa%2Fntwn">πάντων</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="paranomw%2Ftaton">παρανομώτατον</w>, <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="ai%29%2Fsxiston">αἴσχιστον</w> <w lemma="o%28mologoume%2Fnws">ὁμολογουμένως</w>.
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<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="o%29ywnia%2Fzesqai">ὀψωνιάζεσθαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="boulh%5Cn">βουλὴν</w> <w lemma="u%28p%27">ὑπ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnous">Εὐμένους</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fkaston">ἕκαστον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftos">ἔτος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="bouleu%2Fesqai">βουλεύεσθαι</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="koinw%3Dn">κοινῶν</w> <w lemma="katapepwko%2Ftas">καταπεπωκότας</w> <w lemma="oi%28onei%5C">οἱονεὶ</w> <w lemma="de%2Flear">δέλεαρ</w>, <w lemma="pro%2Fdhlon">πρόδηλον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ai%29sxu%2Fnhn">αἰσχύνην</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="bla%2Fbhn">βλάβην</w>.
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<w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnh">Εὐμένη</w> <w lemma="dido%2Fnai">διδόναι</w> <w lemma="xrh%2Fmata">χρήματα</w>, <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="%2Aprousi%2Fan">Προυσίαν</w> <w lemma="dw%2Fsein">δώσειν</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="%2Ase%2Fleukon">Σέλευκον</w>.
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<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pragma%2Ftwn">πραγμάτων</w> <w lemma="e%29nanti%2Fan">ἐναντίαν</w> <w lemma="fu%2Fsin">φύσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29xo%2Fntwn">ἐχόντων</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="basileu%3Dsi">βασιλεῦσι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="dhmokrati%2Fais">δημοκρατίαις</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fstwn">πλείστων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="megi%2Fstwn">μεγίστων</w> <w lemma="diabouli%2Fwn">διαβουλίων</w> <w lemma="ai%29ei%5C">αἰεὶ</w> <w lemma="ginome%2Fnwn">γινομένων</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="basilei%3Ds">βασιλεῖς</w> <w lemma="h%28mi%3Dn">ἡμῖν</w> <w lemma="diafero%2Fntwn">διαφερόντων</w>,
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<w lemma="fanerw%3Ds">φανερῶς</w> <w lemma="a%29na%2Fgkh">ἀνάγκη</w> <w lemma="duei%3Dn">δυεῖν</w> <w lemma="qa%2Fteron">θάτερον</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fwn">βασιλέων</w> <w lemma="lusitele%5Cs">λυσιτελὲς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fprosqen">ἐπίπροσθεν</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnesqai">γίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fan">ἰδίαν</w> <w lemma="sumfe%2Frontos">συμφέροντος</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnontos">συμβαίνοντος</w> <w lemma="a%29xari%2Fstous">ἀχαρίστους</w> <w lemma="fai%2Fnesqai">φαίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsin">πᾶσιν</w>, <w lemma="a%29ntipra%2Fttontas">ἀντιπράττοντας</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3Dn">αὑτῶν</w> <w lemma="misqodo%2Ftais">μισθοδόταις</w>.
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<w lemma="dio%5C">διὸ</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="a%29pei%2Fpasqai">ἀπείπασθαι</w> <w lemma="pareka%2Flei">παρεκάλει</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiou%2Fs">Ἀχαιούς</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="misei%3Dn">μισεῖν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnh">Εὐμένη</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fnoian">ἐπίνοιαν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="do%2Fsews">δόσεως</w>.
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<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Ameta%5C">Μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w> <w lemma="a%29nasta%5Cs">ἀναστὰς</w> <w lemma="%2Aka%2Fssandros">Κάσσανδρος</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29ginh%2Fths">Αἰγινήτης</w> <w lemma="a%29ne%2Fmnhse">ἀνέμνησε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiou%5Cs">Ἀχαιοὺς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29ginhtw%3Dn">Αἰγινητῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29klhri%2Fas">ἀκληρίας</w>, <w lemma="h%28%3D%7C">ᾗ</w> <w lemma="perie%2Fpeson">περιέπεσον</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w> <w lemma="sumpoliteu%2Fesqai">συμπολιτεύεσθαι</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fte">ὅτε</w> <w lemma="%2Apo%2Fplios">Πόπλιος</w> <w lemma="%2Asolpi%2Fkios">Σολπίκιος</w> <w lemma="e%29pipleu%2Fsas">ἐπιπλεύσας</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="sto%2Flw%7C">στόλῳ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="e%29chndrapodi%2Fsato">ἐξηνδραποδίσατο</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="talaipw%2Frous">ταλαιπώρους</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29ginh%2Ftas:">Αἰγινήτας·</w>
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<w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="diesafh%2Fsamen">διεσαφήσαμεν</w>, <w lemma="ti%2Fna">τίνα</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpon">τρόπον</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29twloi%2F">Αἰτωλοί</w>, <w lemma="ku%2Frioi">κύριοι</w> <w lemma="geno%2Fmenoi">γενόμενοι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fkas">συνθήκας</w>, <w lemma="%2A%29atta%2Flw%7C">Ἀττάλῳ</w> <w lemma="paradoi%3Den">παραδοῖεν</w>, <w lemma="tria%2Fkonta">τριάκοντα</w> <w lemma="ta%2Flanta">τάλαντα</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="labo%2Fntes">λαβόντες</w>.
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<w lemma="tau%3Dt%27">ταῦτ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="tiqei%5Cs">τιθεὶς</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaioi%3Ds">Ἀχαιοῖς</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="o%29fqalmw%3Dn">ὀφθαλμῶν</w> <w lemma="h%29ci%2Fou">ἠξίου</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnh">Εὐμένη</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="dia%2Ffora">διάφορα</w> <w lemma="protei%2Fnonta">προτείνοντα</w> <w lemma="qhreu%2Fein">θηρεύειν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w> <w lemma="eu%29%2Fnoian">εὔνοιαν</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="a%29podido%2Fnta">ἀποδιδόντα</w> <w lemma="tugxa%2Fnein">τυγχάνειν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntwn">πάντων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="filanqrw%2Fpwn">φιλανθρώπων</w> <w lemma="a%29nantirrh%2Ftws">ἀναντιρρήτως</w>.
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<w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiou%5Cs">Ἀχαιοὺς</w> <w lemma="pareka%2Flei">παρεκάλει</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="de%2Fxesqai">δέχεσθαι</w> <w lemma="toiau%2Ftas">τοιαύτας</w> <w lemma="dwrea%2Fs">δωρεάς</w>, <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="fanh%2Fsontai">φανήσονται</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fllon">μέλλον</w> <w lemma="e%29lpi%2Fdas">ἐλπίδας</w> <w lemma="a%29fairou%2Fmenoi">ἀφαιρούμενοι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29ginhtw%3Dn">Αἰγινητῶν</w> <w lemma="swthri%2Fas">σωτηρίας</w>. <w lemma="%2Atoiou%2Ftwn">Τοιούτων</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnwn">γενομένων</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgwn">λόγων</w>,
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<w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tosou%3Dton">τοσοῦτον</w> <w lemma="pare%2Fsth">παρέστη</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="tolmh%3Dsai">τολμῆσαι</w> <w lemma="mhqe%2Fna">μηθένα</w> <w lemma="suneipei%3Dn">συνειπεῖν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="basilei%3D">βασιλεῖ</w>, <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="kraugh%3Ds">κραυγῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29kbalei%3Dn">ἐκβαλεῖν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="proteinome%2Fnhn">προτεινομένην</w> <w lemma="dwrea%2Fn">δωρεάν</w>, <w lemma="kai%2Ftoi">καίτοι</w> <w lemma="dokou%2Fshs">δοκούσης</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="dusantofqa%2Flmhton">δυσαντοφθάλμητον</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="proteinome%2Fnwn">προτεινομένων</w> <w lemma="xrhma%2Ftwn">χρημάτων</w>.
<head>Origin of the Last Macedonian War</head>At this time were sowed the seeds of fatal evils to the<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note17">B. C. 186. The origin of the last Macedonian war.</note>royal house of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>. I am aware that some historians of the war between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and Perseus, when they wish to set forth the causes of the quarrel for our information, assign as the primary one the expulsion of Abrupolis from his principality, on the ground of having made a raid upon the mines at Pangaeum after the death of Philip, which Perseus repulsed, finally expelling him entirely out of his own dominions.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note18">Abrupolis, a Thracian prince and friend of the Romans. See<bibl n="Liv. 42.13" default="NO" valid="yes">Livy, 42, 13</bibl>, 40. Death of Philip V. B. C. 179.</note>Next they mention the invasion of Dolopia, and the visit of Perseus to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Delphi&groupId=534&placeId=363">Delphi</a>, the plot against Eumenes at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Delphi&groupId=534&placeId=363">Delphi</a>, and the murder of the ambassadors in Boeotia; and from these they say sprang the war between Perseus and the Romans.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note19">B. C. 176-172.</note>But my contention is that it is of most decisive advantage, both to historians and their readers, to know the causes from which the several events are born and spring. Most historians confound these, because they do not keep a firm hold upon the distinction between a pretext and a cause, or again between a pretext and a beginning of a war. And since events at the present time recall this distinction I feel compelled to renew my discussion of this subject.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note20">See<ref target="b3c6" targOrder="U">bk. 3, ch. 6</ref>.</note>For instance, of the events just referred to, the first three are pretexts; the last two—the plot against Eumenes, the murder of the ambassadors, and other similar things that happened during the same period—are clear<emph>beginnings</emph>of the war between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and Perseus, and of the final overthrow of the Macedonian kingdom; but not one of them is a<emph>cause</emph>of these things. I will illustrate by examples. Just as we say that Philip son of Amyntas contemplated and determined upon accomplishing the war with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Persia&groupId=871&placeId=1571">Persia</a>, while Alexander put into execution what he had projected, so in the present instance we say that Philip son of Demetrius first projected<pb n="308" />the last war against <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, and had all his preparations ready for the execution of his design, but that after his death Perseus became the agent in carrying out the undertaking itself. If this be true, the following also is clear: it is impossible that the causes of the war should have been subsequent to the death of him who resolved upon and projected it; which would be the case if we accepted the account of these historians; for the events alleged by them as its causes were subsequent to the death of Philip. . . .