<w lemma="%2A%28%2Fotan">Ὅταν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="sunqe%2Fmenoi">συνθέμενοι</w> <w lemma="xwrisqw%3Dsin">χωρισθῶσιν</w>, <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fteron">ἑκάτερον</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpou">τόπου</w> <w lemma="deh%2Fsei">δεήσει</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fptran">διόπτραν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w> <w lemma="du%2F%27">δύ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29li%2Fskous">αὐλίσκους</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxousan">ἔχουσαν</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fllontos">μέλλοντος</w> <w lemma="a%29ntipurseu%2Fein">ἀντιπυρσεύειν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="decio%5Cn">δεξιὸν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpon">τόπον</w>, <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="eu%29w%2Fnumon">εὐώνυμον</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnasqai">δύνασθαι</w> <w lemma="qewrei%3Dn">θεωρεῖν</w>.
<w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fptran">διόπτραν</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%3Ds">ἑξῆς</w> <w lemma="o%29rqa%5C">ὀρθὰ</w> <w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="platei%3Da">πλατεῖα</w> <w lemma="pephge%2Fnai">πεπηγέναι</w>,
<w lemma="parapefra%2Fxqai">παραπεφράχθαι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="decio%5Cn">δεξιὸν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="eu%29w%2Fnumon">εὐώνυμον</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpon">τόπον</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w> <w lemma="po%2Fdas">πόδας</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ba%2Fqos">βάθος</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="a%29ndro%2Fmhkes">ἀνδρόμηκες</w>, <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pursou%5Cs">πυρσοὺς</w> <w lemma="ai%29rome%2Fnous">αἰρομένους</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="fa%2Fsin">φάσιν</w> <w lemma="a%29kribh%3D">ἀκριβῆ</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dn">ποιεῖν</w>, <w lemma="kaqairoume%2Fnous">καθαιρουμένους</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="kru%2Fyin">κρύψιν</w>.
<w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28toimasqe%2Fntwn">ἑτοιμασθέντων</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29mfote%2Frois">ἀμφοτέροις</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Ftan">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="bou%2Flh%7C">βούλῃ</w> <w lemma="dhlw%3Dsai">δηλῶσαι</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgou">λόγου</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> "<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="stratiwtw%3Dn">στρατιωτῶν</w> <w lemma="tines">τινες</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="e%28kato%5Cn">ἑκατὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29pokexwrh%2Fkasi">ἀποκεχωρήκασι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="u%28penanti%2Fous">ὑπεναντίους</w>," <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="diale%2Fcai">διαλέξαι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="le%2Fcewn">λέξεων</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fsai">ὅσαι</w> <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29laxi%2Fstwn">ἐλαχίστων</w> <w lemma="gramma%2Ftwn">γραμμάτων</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnantai">δύνανται</w> <w lemma="tau%29to%5C">ταὐτὸ</w> <w lemma="dhlou%3Dn">δηλοῦν</w>,
<w lemma="oi%28%3Don">οἷον</w> <w lemma="a%29nti%5C">ἀντὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnou">προειρημένου</w> "<w lemma="%2Akrh%3Dtes">Κρῆτες</w> <w lemma="e%28kato%5Cn">ἑκατὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29f%27">ἀφ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28mw%3Dn">ἡμῶν</w> <w lemma="hu%29tomo%2Flhsan">ηὐτομόλησαν</w>." <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="gra%2Fmmat%27">γράμματ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5Cn">ἐστὶν</w> <w lemma="e%29la%2Fttw">ἐλάττω</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="h%28mi%2Fsewn">ἡμίσεων</w>, <w lemma="diasafei%3Dtai">διασαφεῖται</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%29to%2Fn">ταὐτόν</w>.
<w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="grafe%2Fntos">γραφέντος</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="pina%2Fkion">πινάκιον</w>, <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftw">οὕτω</w> <w lemma="dhlwqh%2Fsetai">δηλωθήσεται</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="pursoi%3Ds">πυρσοῖς</w>. <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5C">ἐστὶ</w> <w lemma="gra%2Fmma">γράμμα</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="ka%2Fppa:">κάππα·</w>
<w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5Cn">ἐστὶν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="deute%2Fra%7C">δευτέρᾳ</w> <w lemma="meri%2Fdi">μερίδι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="deute%2Frw%7C">δευτέρῳ</w> <w lemma="platei%2Fw%7C">πλατείῳ</w>. <w lemma="deh%2Fsei">δεήσει</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pursou%5Cs">πυρσοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="eu%29wnu%2Fmwn">εὐωνύμων</w> <w lemma="du%2F%27">δύ᾽</w> <w lemma="ai%29%2Frein">αἴρειν</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29podexo%2Fmenon">ἀποδεχόμενον</w> <w lemma="ginw%2Fskein">γινώσκειν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="deu%2Fteron">δεύτερον</w> <w lemma="platei%3Don">πλατεῖον</w> <w lemma="e%29piskopei%3Dn">ἐπισκοπεῖν</w>.
<w lemma="ei%29%3Dt%27">εἶτ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="deciw%3Dn">δεξιῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29rei%3D">ἀρεῖ</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fnte">πέντε</w>, <w lemma="diasafw%3Dn">διασαφῶν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="ka%2Fppa:">κάππα·</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fmpton">πέμπτον</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5C">ἐστὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="deute%2Fras">δευτέρας</w> <w lemma="meri%2Fdos">μερίδος</w>, <w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="deh%2Fsei">δεήσει</w> <w lemma="gra%2Ffein">γράφειν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="pina%2Fkion">πινάκιον</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29podexo%2Fmenon">ἀποδεχόμενον</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pursou%2Fs">πυρσούς</w>.
<w lemma="ei%29%3Dta">εἶτα</w> <w lemma="te%2Fttaras">τέτταρας</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="eu%29wnu%2Fmwn">εὐωνύμων</w>, <w lemma="e%29pei%5C">ἐπεὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="r%28w%3D">ῥῶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="teta%2Frths">τετάρτης</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5C">ἐστὶ</w> <w lemma="meri%2Fdos">μερίδος</w>. <w lemma="ei%29%3Dta">εἶτα</w> <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="deciw%3Dn:">δεξιῶν·</w> <w lemma="deu%2Fteron">δεύτερον</w> <w lemma="ga%2Fr">γάρ</w> <w lemma="e%29sti">ἐστι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="teta%2Frths">τετάρτης</w>. <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3D">οὗ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="r%28w%3D">ῥῶ</w> <w lemma="gra%2Ffei">γράφει</w> [<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="dexo%2Fmenos">δεχόμενος</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pursou%2Fs:">πυρσούς·</w>] <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="loipa%5C">λοιπὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpon">τρόπον</w>.
<w lemma="prodhlou%3Dtai">προδηλοῦται</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="prospi%3Dpton">προσπῖπτον</w> <w lemma="w%28risme%2Fnws">ὡρισμένως</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fthn">ταύτην</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fnoian">ἐπίνοιαν</w>,
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<head>Improvements In Signalling</head>This matter being agreed upon, the two parties must go to their respective points of observation; and each must have, to begin with, a stenoscope with two funnels, to enable him to distinguish through one the right, through the other the left position of the signaller opposite him. Near this stenoscope the tablets must be fixed, and both points, to the right and to the left, must be defended by a fence ten feet long and about the height of a man, in order to make it clear on which side the torches are raised, and to hide them entirely when they are lowered. These preparations completed on both sides, when a man wishes, for instance, to send the<pb n="45" />message "Some of our soldiers to the number of a hundred have deserted to the enemy,"—the first thing to do is to select words that may give the same information with the fewest letters, for instance, "A hundred Cretans have deserted," for thus the number of letters is diminished by more than a half and the same information is given. This sentence having been written on a tablet will be transmitted by five signals thus: The first letter is<foreign lang="greek">κ,</foreign>this comes in the second group of letters and therefore on the second tablet; the signaller therefore must raise two torches on the left to show the recipient that he must look at the second tablet; then he will raise five on the right, because<foreign lang="greek">κ</foreign>is the fifth letter in the group,<note anchored="yes" place="unspecified" id="note87"><p>The grouping of these letters will be as follows:—<table><row role="data"><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1" /><cell cols="1" role="label" rows="1">1</cell><cell cols="1" role="label" rows="1">2</cell><cell cols="1" role="label" rows="1">3</cell><cell cols="1" role="label" rows="1">4</cell><cell cols="1" role="label" rows="1">5</cell></row><row role="data"><cell cols="1" role="label" rows="1">1</cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">α</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">ζ</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">λ</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">π</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">φ</foreign></cell></row><row role="data"><cell cols="1" role="label" rows="1">2</cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">β</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">η</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">μ</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">ρ</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">χ</foreign></cell></row><row role="data"><cell cols="1" role="label" rows="1">3</cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">γ</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">θ</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">ν</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">ς</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">ψ</foreign></cell></row><row role="data"><cell cols="1" role="label" rows="1">4</cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">δ</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">ι</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">ξ</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">τ</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">ω</foreign></cell></row><row role="data"><cell cols="1" role="label" rows="1">5</cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">ε</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">κ</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">ο</foreign></cell><cell cols="1" role="data" rows="1"><foreign lang="greek">υ</foreign></cell></row></table></p></note>which the recipient must thereupon write on his tablet. Then the signaller must raise four torches on the left, for<foreign lang="greek">ρ</foreign>is in that group, and two on the right, because it is the second in the fourth group, and the recipient will write<foreign lang="greek">ρ</foreign>on his tablet: and so on for the other letters.
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Walbank Commentary