<w lemma="%2A%29%2Fetos">Ἔτος</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="e%29neisth%2Fkei">ἐνειστήκει</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29go%5Cs">Αἰγὸς</w> <w lemma="potamoi%3Ds">ποταμοῖς</w> <w lemma="naumaxi%2Fan">ναυμαχίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29nneakaide%2Fkaton">ἐννεακαιδέκατον</w>, <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2Aleu%2Fktrois">Λεύκτροις</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxhs">μάχης</w> <w lemma="e%28kkaide%2Fkaton">ἑκκαιδέκατον</w>,
<w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="w%28%3D%7C">ᾧ</w> <w lemma="%2Alakedaimo%2Fnioi">Λακεδαιμόνιοι</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29antalki%2Fdou">Ἀνταλκίδου</w> <w lemma="legome%2Fnhn">λεγομένην</w> <w lemma="ei%29rh%2Fnhn">εἰρήνην</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fa">βασιλέα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Apersw%3Dn">Περσῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29ku%2Frwsan">ἐκύρωσαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="presbu%2Fteros">πρεσβύτερος</w> <w lemma="%2Adionu%2Fsios">Διονύσιος</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29elle%2Fporon">Ἐλλέπορον</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cn">ποταμὸν</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxh%7C">μάχῃ</w> <w lemma="nenikhkw%5Cs">νενικηκὼς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fan">Ἰταλίαν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Fellhnas">Ἕλληνας</w> <w lemma="e%29polio%2Frkei">ἐπολιόρκει</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rh%2Fgion">Ῥήγιον</w>, <w lemma="%2Agala%2Ftai">Γαλάται</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="kra%2Ftos">κράτος</w> <w lemma="e%28lo%2Fntes">ἑλόντες</w> <w lemma="au%29th%5Cn">αὐτὴν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w> <w lemma="katei%3Dxon">κατεῖχον</w> <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Akapetwli%2Fou">Καπετωλίου</w>.
<w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ou%28%5Cs">οὓς</w> <w lemma="poihsa%2Fmenoi">ποιησάμενοι</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="sponda%5Cs">σπονδὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dialu%2Fseis">διαλύσεις</w> <w lemma="eu%29dokoume%2Fnas">εὐδοκουμένας</w> <w lemma="%2Agala%2Ftais">Γαλάταις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="geno%2Fmenoi">γενόμενοι</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="a%29nelpi%2Fstws">ἀνελπίστως</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="patri%2Fdos">πατρίδος</w> <w lemma="e%29gkratei%3Ds">ἐγκρατεῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="labo%2Fntes">λαβόντες</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Don">οἷον</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%5Cn">ἀρχὴν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="sunauch%2Fsews">συναυξήσεως</w> <w lemma="e%29pole%2Fmoun">ἐπολέμουν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%3Ds">ἑξῆς</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnois">χρόνοις</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29stugei%2Ftonas">ἀστυγείτονας</w>.
<w lemma="geno%2Fmenoi">γενόμενοι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29gkratei%3Ds">ἐγκρατεῖς</w> <w lemma="a%28pa%2Fntwn">ἁπάντων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Alati%2Fnwn">Λατίνων</w> <w lemma="dia%2F">διά</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29ndrei%2Fan">ἀνδρείαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxais">μάχαις</w> <w lemma="e%29pituxi%2Fan">ἐπιτυχίαν</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dt%27">ταῦτ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pole%2Fmoun">ἐπολέμουν</w> <w lemma="%2Aturrhnoi%3Ds">Τυρρηνοῖς</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fpeita">ἔπειτα</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltoi%3Ds">Κελτοῖς</w>, <w lemma="e%28ch%3Ds">ἑξῆς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Asauni%2Ftais">Σαυνίταις</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fs">πρός</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29natola%5Cs">ἀνατολὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Frktous">ἄρκτους</w> <w lemma="suntermonou%3Dsi">συντερμονοῦσι</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Alati%2Fnwn">Λατίνων</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fra%7C">χώρᾳ</w>.
<w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%2F">δέ</w> <w lemma="tina">τινα</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="%2Ataranti%2Fnwn">Ταραντίνων</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="presbeuta%5Cs">πρεσβευτὰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="a%29se%2Flgeian">ἀσέλγειαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="fo%2Fbon">φόβον</w> <w lemma="e%29pispasame%2Fnwn">ἐπισπασαμένων</w> <w lemma="%2Apu%2Frron">Πύρρον</w>, <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftei">ἔτει</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Agalatw%3Dn">Γαλατῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29fo%2Fdou">ἐφόδου</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Adelfou%5Cs">Δελφοὺς</w> <w lemma="fqare%2Fntwn">φθαρέντων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peraiwqe%2Fntwn">περαιωθέντων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asi%2Fan">Ἀσίαν</w>,
<w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="%2Aturrhnou%5Cs">Τυρρηνοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Asauni%2Ftas">Σαυνίτας</w> <w lemma="u%28f%27">ὑφ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%5Cs">αὑτοὺς</w> <w lemma="pepoihme%2Fnoi">πεποιημένοι</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fan">Ἰταλίαν</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltou%5Cs">Κελτοὺς</w> <w lemma="pollai%3Ds">πολλαῖς</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxais">μάχαις</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fdh">ἤδη</w> <w lemma="nenikhko%2Ftes">νενικηκότες</w>, <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="loipa%5C">λοιπὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Frh">μέρη</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fas">Ἰταλίας</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Frmhsan">ὥρμησαν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29x">οὐχ</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="o%29qnei%2Fwn">ὀθνείων</w>, <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Don">πλεῖον</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fwn">ἰδίων</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fdh">ἤδη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kaqhko%2Fntwn">καθηκόντων</w> <w lemma="sfi%2Fsi">σφίσι</w> <w lemma="polemh%2Fsontes">πολεμήσοντες</w>, <w lemma="a%29qlhtai%5C">ἀθληταὶ</w> <w lemma="gegono%2Ftes">γεγονότες</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqinoi%5C">ἀληθινοὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frgwn">ἔργων</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Asauni%2Ftas">Σαυνίτας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltou%5Cs">Κελτοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%2Fnwn">ἀγώνων</w>.
<w lemma="u%28posta%2Fntes">ὑποστάντες</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="gennai%2Fws">γενναίως</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="teleutai%3Don">τελευταῖον</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fs">τάς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmeis">δυνάμεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Apu%2Frron">Πύρρον</w> <w lemma="e%29kbalo%2Fntes">ἐκβαλόντες</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fas">Ἰταλίας</w> <w lemma="au%29%3Dqis">αὖθις</w> <w lemma="e%29pole%2Fmoun">ἐπολέμουν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="katestre%2Ffonto">κατεστρέφοντο</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="koinwnh%2Fsantas">κοινωνήσαντας</w> <w lemma="%2Apu%2Frrw%7C">Πύρρῳ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pragma%2Ftwn">πραγμάτων</w>.
<w lemma="geno%2Fmenoi">γενόμενοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="parado%2Fcws">παραδόξως</w> <w lemma="a%28pa%2Fntwn">ἁπάντων</w> <w lemma="e%29gkratei%3Ds">ἐγκρατεῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="poihsa%2Fmenoi">ποιησάμενοι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fan">Ἰταλίαν</w> <w lemma="oi%29kou%3Dntas">οἰκοῦντας</w> <w lemma="u%28f%27">ὑφ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%5Cs">αὑτοὺς</w> <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltw%3Dn">Κελτῶν</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="poliorkei%3Dn">πολιορκεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29nexei%2Frhsan">ἐνεχείρησαν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="kate%2Fxontas">κατέχοντας</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rh%2Fgion">Ῥήγιον</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fous">Ῥωμαίους</w>.
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<head>Roman Dominion in Italy</head>It was in the nineteenth year after the sea-fight at<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note11">B. C. 387-386. The rise of the Roman dominion may be traced from the retirement of the Gauls from the city. From that time one nation after another in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> fell into their hands.</note>Aegospotami, and the sixteenth before the battle at Leuctra; the year in which the Lacedaemonians made what is called the Peace of Antalcidas with the King of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Persia&groupId=871&placeId=1571">Persia</a>; the year in which the elder Dionysius was besieging <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhegium&groupId=927&placeId=1659">Rhegium</a> after beating the Italian Greeks on the river Elleporus; and in which the Gauls took <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> itself by storm and were occupying the whole of it except the Capitol. With these Gauls the Romans made a treaty and settlement which they were content to accept: and having thus become beyond all expectation once more masters of their own country, they made a start in their career of expansion; and in the succeeding period engaged in various wars with their neighbours.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note12">The Latini.</note>First, by dint of valour, and the good fortune which attended them in the field, they mastered all the Latini; then they went to war with the Etruscans; then with the Celts; and next with the Samnites, who lived on the eastern and northern frontiers of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Latium&groupId=673&placeId=1231">Latium</a>.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note13">The Etruscans, Gauls, and Samnites.</note>Some time after this the Tarentines insulted the ambassadors of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, and, in fear of the consequences, invited and obtained the assistance of Pyrrhus.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note14">Pyrrhus, B. C. 280.</note>This happened in the year before the Gauls invaded Greece, some of whom perished near <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Delphi&groupId=534&placeId=363">Delphi</a>, while others crossed into Asia. Then it was that the Romans—having reduced the Etruscans and Samnites to obedience, and conquered the Italian Celts in many battles—attempted for the first time the reduction of the rest of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note15">Southern <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>.</note>The nations for whose possessions they were about to fight they affected to regard, not in the light of foreigners, but as already for the most part belonging and pertaining to themselves. The experience gained from their contests with the Samnites and the Celts had served as a genuine training in the art of war.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note16">Pyrrhus finally quits <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, B. C. 274.</note>Accordingly, they entered upon the war with spirit, drove Pyrrhus from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, and then undertook to fight with and subdue those who had taken part with him. They succeeded everywhere<pb n="7" />to a marvel, and reduced to obedience all the tribes inhabiting <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> except the Celts; after which they undertook to besiege some of their own citizens, who at that time were occupying <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhegium&groupId=927&placeId=1659">Rhegium</a>.
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Walbank Commentary