<w lemma="%2Aoi%28">Οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="qewrou%3Dntes">θεωροῦντες</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fous">Καρχηδονίους</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fs">τάς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fas">πορείας</w> <w lemma="poioume%2Fnous">ποιουμένους</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="o%28malw%3Dn">ὁμαλῶν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpwn">τόπων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="stratopedei%2Fas">στρατοπεδείας</w> <w lemma="tiqe%2Fntas">τιθέντας</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29pipe%2Fdois">ἐπιπέδοις</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="xwri%2Fwn">χωρίων</w>, <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5C">αὐτὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="cenizo%2Fmenoi">ξενιζόμενοι</w> <w lemma="dietre%2Fponto">διετρέποντο</w>, <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flois">ὅλοις</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fspeudon">ἔσπευδον</w> <w lemma="e%29ggi%2Fsai">ἐγγίσαι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fois">πολεμίοις</w>.
<w lemma="suna%2Fyantes">συνάψαντες</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="prw%2Fthn">πρώτην</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fran">ἡμέραν</w> <w lemma="katestratope%2Fdeusan">κατεστρατοπέδευσαν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="de%2Fka">δέκα</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fous">σταδίους</w> <w lemma="a%29posxo%2Fntes">ἀποσχόντες</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28penanti%2Fwn">ὑπεναντίων</w>.
<w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fdas">πόδας</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="proestw%3Dtes">προεστῶτες</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fwn">Καρχηδονίων</w> <w lemma="e%29bouleu%2Fonto">ἐβουλεύοντο</w> <w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ti%2F">τί</w> <w lemma="prakte%2Fon">πρακτέον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fh">εἴη</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="paro%2Fn:">παρόν·</w>
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="polloi%5C">πολλοὶ</w> <w lemma="proqu%2Fmws">προθύμως</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxontes">ἔχοντες</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ki%2Fndunon">κίνδυνον</w>, <w lemma="sustrefo%2Fmenoi">συστρεφόμενοι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Frh">μέρη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fnoma">ὄνομα</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aca%2Fnqippon">Ξάνθιππον</w> <w lemma="a%29nabow%3Dntes">ἀναβοῶντες</w> <w lemma="e%29ca%2Fgein">ἐξάγειν</w> <w lemma="sfa%3Ds">σφᾶς</w> <w lemma="w%29%2F%7Conto">ᾤοντο</w> <w lemma="dei%3Dn">δεῖν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="taxi%2Fsthn">ταχίστην</w>.
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="strathgoi%5C">στρατηγοὶ</w> <w lemma="th%2Fn">τήν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fxlwn">ὄχλων</w> <w lemma="o%28rmh%5Cn">ὁρμὴν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="proqumi%2Fan">προθυμίαν</w> <w lemma="qewrou%3Dntes">θεωροῦντες</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Acanqi%2Fppou">Ξανθίππου</w> <w lemma="diamarturome%2Fnou">διαμαρτυρομένου</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="parie%2Fnai">παριέναι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="kairo%2Fn">καιρόν</w>, <w lemma="parh%2Fggeilan">παρήγγειλαν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="plh%2Fqei">πλήθει</w> <w lemma="diaskeua%2Fzesqai">διασκευάζεσθαι</w>, <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Acanqi%2Fppw%7C">Ξανθίππῳ</w> <w lemma="xrh%3Dsqai">χρῆσθαι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fgmasin">πράγμασιν</w> <w lemma="e%29pe%2Ftreyan">ἐπέτρεψαν</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fs">ὥς</w> <w lemma="pot%27">ποτ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="dokei%3D">δοκεῖ</w> <w lemma="sumfe%2Frein">συμφέρειν</w>.
<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="labw%5Cn">λαβὼν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29cousi%2Fan">ἐξουσίαν</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29le%2Ffantas">ἐλέφαντας</w> <w lemma="e%29cagagw%5Cn">ἐξαγαγὼν</w> <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fna">ἕνα</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fshs">πάσης</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmews">δυνάμεως</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="metw%2Fpw%7C">μετώπῳ</w> <w lemma="kate%2Fsthse">κατέστησε</w>, <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="fa%2Flagga">φάλαγγα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fwn">Καρχηδονίων</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="a%29posth%2Fmati">ἀποστήματι</w> <w lemma="summe%2Ftrw%7C">συμμέτρῳ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="kato%2Fpin">κατόπιν</w> <w lemma="e%29pe%2Fsthse">ἐπέστησε</w>.
<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="misqofo%2Frwn">μισθοφόρων</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="decio%5Cn">δεξιὸν</w> <w lemma="ke%2Fras">κέρας</w> <w lemma="parene%2Fbalen">παρενέβαλεν</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="eu%29kinhtota%2Ftous">εὐκινητοτάτους</w> <w lemma="o%28mou%3D">ὁμοῦ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="i%28ppeu%3Dsin">ἱππεῦσιν</w> <w lemma="e%28kate%2Frou">ἑκατέρου</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="ke%2Fratos">κέρατος</w> <w lemma="proe%2Fsthsen">προέστησεν</w>.
<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="sunido%2Fntes">συνιδόντες</w> <w lemma="paratattome%2Fnous">παραταττομένους</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="u%28penanti%2Fous">ὑπεναντίους</w> <w lemma="a%29ntech%2F%7Cesan">ἀντεξῄεσαν</w> <w lemma="e%28toi%2Fmws">ἑτοίμως</w>.
<w lemma="kataplhtto%2Fmenoi">καταπληττόμενοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="proorw%2Fmenoi">προορώμενοι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29lefa%2Fntwn">ἐλεφάντων</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffodon">ἔφοδον</w>, <w lemma="proqe%2Fmenoi">προθέμενοι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="grosfoma%2Fxous">γροσφομάχους</w> <w lemma="polla%5Cs">πολλὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flais">ἀλλήλαις</w> <w lemma="kato%2Fpin">κατόπιν</w> <w lemma="i%28%2Fstasan">ἵστασαν</w> <w lemma="shmei%2Fas">σημείας</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29me%2Frisan">ἐμέρισαν</w> <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fteron">ἑκάτερον</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="ke%2Fras">κέρας</w>.
<w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fmpasan">σύμπασαν</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fcin">τάξιν</w> <w lemma="braxute%2Fran">βραχυτέραν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fsqen">πρόσθεν</w>, <w lemma="baqute%2Fran">βαθυτέραν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsantes">ποιήσαντες</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="qhri%2Fa">θηρία</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxhs">μάχης</w> <w lemma="deo%2Fntws">δεόντως</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dsan">ἦσαν</w> <w lemma="e%29stoxasme%2Fnoi">ἐστοχασμένοι</w>, <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w>, <w lemma="pollaplasi%2Fous">πολλαπλασίους</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fntas">ὄντας</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w>, <w lemma="o%28losxerw%3Ds">ὁλοσχερῶς</w> <w lemma="h%29sto%2Fxhsan">ἠστόχησαν</w>.
<w lemma="e%29pei%5C">ἐπεὶ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29mfo%2Fteroi">ἀμφότεροι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%28autw%3Dn">ἑαυτῶν</w> <w lemma="proaire%2Fseis">προαιρέσεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kaqo%2Flou">καθόλου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstous">ἑκάστους</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqhkan">ἔθηκαν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%28rmozou%2Fsas">ἁρμοζούσας</w> <w lemma="ta%2Fceis">τάξεις</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fmenon">ἔμενον</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ko%2Fsmw%7C">κόσμῳ</w>, <w lemma="karadokou%3Dntes">καραδοκοῦντες</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="kairo%5Cn">καιρὸν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flwn">ἀλλήλων</w> <w lemma="e%29piqe%2Fsews">ἐπιθέσεως</w>.
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<head>The Defeat of Regulus</head>The Romans at once noticed a change. They saw<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note100">The new strategy of the Carthaginians.</note>that the Carthaginians chose level country for their line of march, and flat places for their encampments. This novelty puzzled and rather alarmed them, yet their prevailing feeling was an eager desire to come to close quarters with the enemy. They therefore advanced to a position about ten stades from them and employed the first day in pitching a camp there. Next day, while the chief officers of the Carthaginians were discussing in a council of war what dispositions were called for, and what line of strategy they were to adopt, the common soldiers, in their eagerness for the engagement, collected in groups, shouted out the name of Xanthippus, and showed that their opinion was in favour of an immediate forward movement. Influenced by the evident enthusiasm and eagerness of the army, and by the appeals of Xanthippus that they should not let the opportunity slip, the generals gave orders to the men to get ready, and resigned to Xanthippus the entire direction of affairs, with full authority to act as he thought most advantageous.<note anchored="yes" place="marg" id="note101">The dispositions for the battle.</note>He at once acted upon this authority. He ordered out the elephants, and placed them in a single line in front of the whole army. The heavy phalanx of the Carthaginians he stationed at a moderate interval in the rear of these. He divided the mercenaries into three corps. One he stationed on the right wing; while the other two, which consisted of the most active, he placed with the cavalry on both wings. When the Romans<pb n="39" />saw that the enemy were drawn up to offer them battle they readily advanced to accept it. They were however alarmed at the elephants, and made special arrangements with a view to resist their charge. They stationed the velites in the van, and behind them the legionaries, many maniples deep, while they divided the cavalry between the two wings. Their line of battle was thus less extended than usual, but deeper. And though they had thereby made a sufficient provision against the elephants, yet being far out-numbered in cavalry, their provision in that part of the field was altogether inadequate. At length both sides had made their dispositions according to their respective plans of operation, and had placed their several men in the posts assigned to them: and now they were standing drawn up in order, and were each of them watching for the right moment for beginning the attack.
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Walbank Commentary