Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 6 - Chapter 11

<head lang="la">V. De Romanorum Re Publica Florente</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Ace%2Frcou">Ξέρξου</w> <w lemma="diaba%2Fsews">διαβάσεως</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ella%2Fda">Ἑλλάδα</w> ?<w lemma=""></w>? <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tria%2Fkonta">τριάκοντα</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftesin">ἔτεσιν</w> <w lemma="u%28%2Fsteron">ὕστερον</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kairw%3Dn">καιρῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29ei%5C">ἀεὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="prodieukrinoume%2Fnwn">προδιευκρινουμένων</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ka%2Flliston">κάλλιστον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="te%2Fleion">τέλειον</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29annibiakoi%3Ds">Ἀννιβιακοῖς</w> <w lemma="kairoi%3Ds">καιροῖς</w>, <w lemma="a%29f%27">ἀφ᾽</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="h%28mei%3Ds">ἡμεῖς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29ktroph%5Cn">ἐκτροπὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29poihsa%2Fmeqa">ἐποιησάμεθα</w>.

<w lemma="dio%5C">διὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="susta%2Fsews">συστάσεως</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w> <w lemma="a%29podedwko%2Ftes">ἀποδεδωκότες</w> <w lemma="peiraso%2Fmeqa">πειρασόμεθα</w> <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fdh">ἤδη</w> <w lemma="diasafei%3Dn">διασαφεῖν</w> <w lemma="o%28poi%3Do%2Fn">ὁποῖόν</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29kei%2Fnous">ἐκείνους</w> <w lemma="u%28ph%3Drxe">ὑπῆρχε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kairou%2Fs">καιρούς</w>, <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="leifqe%2Fntes">λειφθέντες</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aka%2Fnnan">Κάνναν</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxh%7C">μάχῃ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flois">ὅλοις</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fptaisan">ἔπταισαν</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fgmasin">πράγμασιν</w>.

<w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29gnow%3D">ἀγνοῶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="politei%2Fas">πολιτείας</w> <w lemma="o%28rmwme%2Fnois">ὁρμωμένοις</w> <w lemma="e%29llipeste%2Fran">ἐλλιπεστέραν</w> <w lemma="fanhso%2Fmeqa">φανησόμεθα</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dsqai">ποιεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29ch%2Fghsin">ἐξήγησιν</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fnia">ἔνια</w> <w lemma="paralipo%2Fntes">παραλιπόντες</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros:">μέρος·</w>

<w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29piginw%2Fskontes">ἐπιγινώσκοντες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="panto%5Cs">παντὸς</w> <w lemma="pei%3Dran">πεῖραν</w> <w lemma="ei%29lhfo%2Ftes">εἰληφότες</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="pai%2Fdwn">παίδων</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqesi">ἔθεσι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="nomi%2Fmois">νομίμοις</w> <w lemma="suntrofi%2Fan">συντροφίαν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="lego%2Fmenon">λεγόμενον</w> <w lemma="qauma%2Fsousin">θαυμάσουσιν</w> <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="paraleipo%2Fmenon">παραλειπόμενον</w> <w lemma="e%29pizhth%2Fsousin">ἐπιζητήσουσιν</w>,

<w lemma="ou%29de%5C">οὐδὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fqesin">πρόθεσιν</w> <w lemma="u%28polh%2Fyontai">ὑπολήψονται</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="gra%2Ffonta">γράφοντα</w> <w lemma="paralipei%3Dn">παραλιπεῖν</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="mikra%5Cs">μικρὰς</w> <w lemma="diafora%2Fs">διαφοράς</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgnoian">ἄγνοιαν</w> <w lemma="parasiwpa%3Dn">παρασιωπᾶν</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29rxa%5Cs">ἀρχὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fxonta">συνέχοντα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pragma%2Ftwn">πραγμάτων</w>.

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="r%28hqe%2Fnta">ῥηθέντα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="e%29qau%2Fmazon">ἐθαύμαζον</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fnta">ὄντα</w> <w lemma="mikra%5C">μικρὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Frerga">πάρεργα</w>, <w lemma="paraleipo%2Fmena">παραλειπόμενα</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pizhtou%3Dsin">ἐπιζητοῦσιν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="a%29nagkai%3Da">ἀναγκαῖα</w>, <w lemma="boulo%2Fmenoi">βουλόμενοι</w> <w lemma="dokei%3Dn">δοκεῖν</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%5C">αὐτοὶ</w> <w lemma="ple%2Fon">πλέον</w> <w lemma="ei%29de%2Fnai">εἰδέναι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="suggrafe%2Fwn">συγγραφέων</w>.

<w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29gaqo%5Cn">ἀγαθὸν</w> <w lemma="krith%5Cn">κριτὴν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="paraleipome%2Fnwn">παραλειπομένων</w> <w lemma="dokima%2Fzein">δοκιμάζειν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="gra%2Ffontas">γράφοντας</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="legome%2Fnwn">λεγομένων</w>,

<w lemma="ka%29%5Cn">κἂν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="lamba%2Fnh%7C">λαμβάνῃ</w> <w lemma="yeu%3Ddos">ψεῦδος</w>, <w lemma="ei%29de%2Fnai">εἰδέναι</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="ka%29kei%3Dna">κἀκεῖνα</w> <w lemma="paralei%2Fpetai">παραλείπεται</w> <w lemma="di%27">δι᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgnoian">ἄγνοιαν</w>, <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="lego%2Fmenon">λεγόμενον</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqe%5Cs">ἀληθὲς</w> <w lemma="h%29%3D%7C">ᾖ</w>, <w lemma="sugxwrei%3Dn">συγχωρεῖν</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="ka%29kei%3Dna">κἀκεῖνα</w> <w lemma="parasiwpa%3Dtai">παρασιωπᾶται</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="kri%2Fsin">κρίσιν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgnoian">ἄγνοιαν</w>. [<foreign lang="la">Exc. Vat. p. 371M. 25, 6H;</foreign><w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <foreign lang="la">lin. 12</foreign>— <w lemma="a%29%2Fgnoian">ἄγνοιαν</w> <foreign lang="la">lin. 18 habet cod. Urb. fol. 65 cum VI, 10, 14 arcte cohaerentia; exc. ant. p. 177</foreign>.<w lemma=""></w>]

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Atau%3Dta">Ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="ei%29rh%2Fsqw">εἰρήσθω</w> <w lemma="moi">μοι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="filotimo%2Fteron">φιλοτιμότερον</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="dikaio%2Fteron">δικαιότερον</w> <w lemma="e%29pitimw%3Dntas">ἐπιτιμῶντας</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="suggrafeu%3Dsin">συγγραφεῦσιν</w>. [<foreign lang="la">Exc. Vat. p. 372M. 25, 30H.</foreign>]

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="pra%3Dgma">πρᾶγμα</w> <w lemma="su%5Cn">σὺν</w> <w lemma="kairw%3D%7C">καιρῷ</w> <w lemma="qewrou%2Fmenon">θεωρούμενον</w> <w lemma="u%28giei%3Ds">ὑγιεῖς</w> <w lemma="lamba%2Fnei">λαμβάνει</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="sugkataqe%2Fseis">συγκαταθέσεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29pitimh%2Fseis:">ἐπιτιμήσεις·</w> <w lemma="metapeso%2Fntos">μεταπεσόντος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllas">ἄλλας</w> <w lemma="perista%2Fseis">περιστάσεις</w> <w lemma="sugkrino%2Fmenon">συγκρινόμενον</w> <w lemma="ou%29x">οὐχ</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Don">οἷον</w> <w lemma="ai%28reto%2Fn">αἱρετόν</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29nekto%5Cn">ἀνεκτὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="fanei%2Fh">φανείη</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kra%2Ftista">κράτιστα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqinw%2Ftata">ἀληθινώτατα</w> <w lemma="polla%2Fkis">πολλάκις</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="suggrafe%2Fwn">συγγραφέων</w> <w lemma="ei%29rhme%2Fnon">εἰρημένον</w>. [<foreign lang="la">Ibid.</foreign>]

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2A%29%3Dhn">Ἦν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="dh%5C">δὴ</w> <w lemma="tri%2Fa">τρία</w> <w lemma="me%2Frh">μέρη</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kratou%3Dnta">κρατοῦντα</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="politei%2Fas">πολιτείας</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fper">ἅπερ</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dpa">εἶπα</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fpanta:">ἅπαντα·</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fnta">πάντα</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Fsws">ἴσως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="prepo%2Fntws">πρεπόντως</w> <w lemma="sunete%2Ftakto">συνετέτακτο</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diw%7Ckei%3Dto">διῳκεῖτο</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="mhde%2Fna">μηδένα</w> <w lemma="pot%27">ποτ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="ei%29pei%3Dn">εἰπεῖν</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnasqai">δύνασθαι</w> <w lemma="bebai%2Fws">βεβαίως</w> <w lemma="mhde%5C">μηδὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29gxwri%2Fwn">ἐγχωρίων</w> <w lemma="po%2Fter%27">πότερ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29ristokratiko%5Cn">ἀριστοκρατικὸν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="poli%2Fteuma">πολίτευμα</w> <w lemma="su%2Fmpan">σύμπαν</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="dhmokratiko%5Cn">δημοκρατικὸν</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="monarxiko%2Fn">μοναρχικόν</w>.

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dt%27">τοῦτ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%5Cs">εἰκὸς</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fsxein">πάσχειν</w>. <w lemma="o%28%2Fte">ὅτε</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Ftwn">ὑπάτων</w> <w lemma="a%29teni%2Fsaimen">ἀτενίσαιμεν</w> <w lemma="e%29cousi%2Fan">ἐξουσίαν</w>, <w lemma="telei%2Fws">τελείως</w> <w lemma="monarxiko%5Cn">μοναρχικὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29fai%2Fnet%27">ἐφαίνετ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="basiliko%2Fn">βασιλικόν</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fte">ὅτε</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="sugklh%2Ftou">συγκλήτου</w>, <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="a%29ristokratiko%2Fn:">ἀριστοκρατικόν·</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pollw%3Dn">πολλῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29cousi%2Fan">ἐξουσίαν</w> <w lemma="qewroi%2Fh">θεωροίη</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w>, <w lemma="e%29do%2Fkei">ἐδόκει</w> <w lemma="safw%3Ds">σαφῶς</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="dhmokratiko%2Fn">δημοκρατικόν</w>.

<w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fkaston">ἕκαστον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Ddos">εἶδος</w> <w lemma="merw%3Dn">μερῶν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="politei%2Fas">πολιτείας</w> <w lemma="e%29pekra%2Ftei">ἐπεκράτει</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="o%29li%2Fgwn">ὀλίγων</w> <w lemma="tinw%3Dn">τινῶν</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dt%27">ταῦτ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%2Fn">ἐστίν</w>.

<head>V. On the Roman Constitution at its Prime</head>From the crossing of Xerxes to Greece . . . and for thirty years after this period, it was always one of those polities which was an object of special study, and it was at its best and nearest to perfection at the time of the Hannibalic war, the period at which I interrupted my narrative to deal with it.

Therefore now that I have described its growth, I will explain what were the conditions at the time when by their defeat at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cannae&groupId=430&placeId=797">Cannae</a> the Romans were brought face to face with disaster.

I am quite aware that to those who have been born and bred under the Roman Republic my account of it will seem somewhat imperfect owing to the omission of certain details.

For as they have complete knowledge of it and practical acquaintance with all its parts, having been familiar with these customs and institutions from childhood, they will not be struck by the extent of the information I give but will demand in addition all I have omitted: they will not think that the author has purposely omitted small peculiarities, but owing to ignorance he has been silent regarding the origins of many things and some points of capital importance.

Had I mentioned them, they would not have been impressed by my doing so, regarding them as small and trivial points, but as they are omitted they will demand their inclusion as if they were vital matters, through a desire themselves to appear better informed than the author.

Now a good critic should not judge authors by what they omit, but by what they relate, and if he finds any falsehood in this, he may conclude that the omissions are due to ignorance;

but if all the writer says is true, he should admit that he has been silent about these matters deliberately and not from ignorance.

These remarks are meant for those who find fault with authors in cavilling rather than just spirit. . . .

In so far as any view of matter we form applies to the right occasion, so far expressions of approval or blame are sound. When circumstances change, and when applied to these changed conditions, the most excellent and true reflections of authors seem often not only not acceptable, but utterly offensive. . . .

The three kinds of government that I spoke of above all shared in the control of the Roman state. And such fairness and propriety in all respects was shown in the use of these three elements for drawing up the constitution and in its subsequent administration that it was impossible even for a native to pronounce with certainty whether the whole system was aristocratic, democratic, or monarchical. This was indeed only natural.

For if one fixed one's eyes on the power of the consuls, the constitution seemed completely monarchical and royal; if on that of the senate it seemed again to be aristocratic; and when one looked at the power of the masses, it seemed clearly to be a democracy.

The parts of the state falling under the control of each element were and with a few modifications still are as follows.

Walbank Commentary

Addenda & corrigenda

6.11.1 - 6.11.1

<emph rend="bold">11. 1. <w lang="el-GR">ἀπὸ τούτων. . . προδιευκρινουμένων</w>:</emph> against von Fritz's translation, adopted here, see K. Bchner, Studien zur römischen Literatur, ii: Cicero (Wiesbaden, 1962), 196 f., who argues that it would require an aorist participle in place of <w lang="el-GR">προδιευκρινουμένων</w>, and that it implies two high pointsthe year of the Decemvirate and the Hannibalic War. For other suggestions see K. F. Eisen, Polybiosinterpretationen, 79–83.

6.11.2 - 6.11.2

that P. did use the <w lang="el-GR">πίναξ</w> as a source is argued by T. Steinby, Arktos, 1958, 143–51.

6.11.6 - 6.11.6

R. Meiggs, Roman <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ostia&groupId=822&placeId=1483">Ostia</a> (Oxford, 1960), 16–20, suggests a regal <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ostia&groupId=822&placeId=1483">Ostia</a> near the salt-beds half a mile east of the republican and imperial city.

6.11.2 - 6.11.2

against Steinby (Vol. II, p. 646) see Gabba, Synteleia Vincenzo Arangio-Ruiz, i (<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Naples&groupId=785&placeId=1422">Naples</a>, 1964), 486.

Polybius, Histories

Bibliography

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Walbank Commentary

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