Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 4 - Chapter 65

<w lemma="katafe%2Frein">καταφέρειν</w>. <w lemma="dielqw%5Cn">διελθὼν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="stena%5C">στενὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="loipo%5Cn">λοιπὸν</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fdh">ἤδη</w> <w lemma="ba%2Fdhn">βάδην</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="praei%3Dan">πραεῖαν</w> <w lemma="e%29poiei%3Dto">ἐποιεῖτο</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fan">πορείαν</w>, <w lemma="a%29nastrofh%5Cn">ἀναστροφὴν</w> <w lemma="didou%5Cs">διδοὺς</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmei">δυνάμει</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fras">χώρας</w> <w lemma="w%29felei%2Fas">ὠφελείας</w>.

<w lemma="ge%2Fmontos">γέμοντος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="stratope%2Fdou">στρατοπέδου</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntwn">πάντων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pithdei%2Fwn">ἐπιτηδείων</w>, <w lemma="h%28%3Dke">ἧκε</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> [<w lemma="%2A%29axaiou%5Cs">Ἀχαιοὺς</w>] <w lemma="%2Aoi%29nia%2Fdas">Οἰνιάδας</w>.

<w lemma="katastratopedeu%2Fsas">καταστρατοπεδεύσας</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Apaia%2Fnion">Παιάνιον</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="e%29celei%3Dn">ἐξελεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fkrine:">ἔκρινε·</w> <w lemma="poihsa%2Fmenos">ποιησάμενος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="prosbola%5Cs">προσβολὰς</w> <w lemma="sunexei%3Ds">συνεχεῖς</w> <w lemma="ei%28%3Dlen">εἷλεν</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5C">αὐτὸ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="kra%2Ftos">κράτος</w>, <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="peri%2Fbolon">περίβολον</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flhn">μεγάλην</w> — <w lemma="e%29la%2Fttwn">ἐλάττων</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="e%28pta%5C">ἑπτὰ</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fwn">σταδίων</w> — <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="su%2Fmpasan">σύμπασαν</w> <w lemma="kataskeuh%5Cn">κατασκευὴν</w> <w lemma="oi%29kiw%3Dn">οἰκιῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="teixw%3Dn">τειχῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pu%2Frgwn">πύργων</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28poi%2Fas">ὁποίας</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fttw">ἥττω</w>.

<w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tei%3Dxos">τεῖχος</w> <w lemma="kate%2Fskaye">κατέσκαψε</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dn">πᾶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fdafos">ἔδαφος</w>, <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="oi%29kh%2Fseis">οἰκήσεις</w> <w lemma="dialu%2Fwn">διαλύων</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="cu%2Fla">ξύλα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ke%2Framon">κέραμον</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="sxedi%2Fas">σχεδίας</w> <w lemma="kaqh%2Frmoze">καθήρμοζε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunexw%3Ds">συνεχῶς</w> <w lemma="kath%3Dgen">κατῆγεν</w> <w lemma="au%29ta%5Cs">αὐτὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="potamw%3D%7C">ποταμῷ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="pollh%3Ds">πολλῆς</w> <w lemma="filotimi%2Fas">φιλοτιμίας</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Aoi%29nia%2Fdas">Οἰνιάδας</w>.

<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29twloi%5C">Αἰτωλοὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="e%29peba%2Flonto">ἐπεβάλοντο</w> <w lemma="diathrei%3Dn">διατηρεῖν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fkran">ἄκραν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Aoi%29nia%2Fdais">Οἰνιάδαις</w>, <w lemma="a%29sfalisa%2Fmenoi">ἀσφαλισάμενοι</w> <w lemma="tei%2Fxesi">τείχεσι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="loiph%3D%7C">λοιπῇ</w> <w lemma="kataskeuh%3D%7C:">κατασκευῇ·</w> <w lemma="suneggi%2Fzontos">συνεγγίζοντος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%2Fppou">Φιλίππου</w> <w lemma="kataplage%2Fntes">καταπλαγέντες</w> <w lemma="e%29cexw%2Frhsan">ἐξεχώρησαν</w>.

<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="basileu%5Cs">βασιλεὺς</w> <w lemma="paralabw%5Cn">παραλαβὼν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fthn">ταύτην</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w>, <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="proelqw%5Cn">προελθὼν</w> <w lemma="katestratope%2Fdeuse">κατεστρατοπέδευσε</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Akaludwni%2Fas">Καλυδωνίας</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fs">πρός</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="xwri%2Fon">χωρίον</w> <w lemma="o%29xuro%2Fn">ὀχυρόν</w>, <w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="kalei%3Dtai">καλεῖται</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Felaos">Ἔλαος</w>, <w lemma="h%29sfa%2Flistai">ἠσφάλισται</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tei%2Fxesi">τείχεσι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="loipai%3Ds">λοιπαῖς</w> <w lemma="paraskeuai%3Ds">παρασκευαῖς</w> <w lemma="diafero%2Fntws">διαφερόντως</w>, <w lemma="%2A%29atta%2Flou">Ἀττάλου</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5C">αὐτὸ</w> <w lemma="kataskeuh%5Cn">κατασκευὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29nadecame%2Fnou">ἀναδεξαμένου</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29twloi%3Ds">Αἰτωλοῖς</w>.

<w lemma="geno%2Fmenoi">γενόμενοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="ku%2Frioi">κύριοι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="kra%2Ftos">κράτος</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedo%2Fnes">Μακεδόνες</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsan">πᾶσαν</w> <w lemma="katasu%2Frantes">κατασύραντες</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Akaludwni%2Fan">Καλυδωνίαν</w>, <w lemma="h%28%3Dkon">ἧκον</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Aoi%29nia%2Fdas">Οἰνιάδας</w>.

<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Afi%2Flippos">Φίλιππος</w> <w lemma="sunqeasa%2Fmenos">συνθεασάμενος</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="eu%29kairi%2Fan">εὐκαιρίαν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpou">τόπου</w>, <w lemma="pro%2Fs">πρός</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="ta%29%2Flla">τἄλλα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Apelopo%2Fnnhson">Πελοπόννησον</w> <w lemma="diaba%2Fseis">διαβάσεις</w>, <w lemma="e%29peba%2Fleto">ἐπεβάλετο</w> <w lemma="teixi%2Fzein">τειχίζειν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w>.

<w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="%2Aoi%29nia%2Fdas">Οἰνιάδας</w> <w lemma="kei%3Dsqai">κεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="qa%2Flattan">θάλατταν</w>, <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="pe%2Frati">πέρατι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29akarnani%2Fas">Ἀκαρνανίας</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29twlou%5Cs">Αἰτωλοὺς</w> <w lemma="suna%2Fptonti">συνάπτοντι</w>, <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%5Cn">ἀρχὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Akorinqiakou%3D">Κορινθιακοῦ</w> <w lemma="ko%2Flpou">κόλπου</w>.

<w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Apeloponnh%2Fsou">Πελοποννήσου</w> <w lemma="te%2Ftaktai">τέτακται</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="po%2Flis">πόλις</w> <w lemma="katantikru%5C">καταντικρὺ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="parali%2Fas">παραλίας</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Adumai%2Fwn">Δυμαίων</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fggista">ἔγγιστα</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxei">ὑπάρχει</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Faracon">Ἄραξον</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpois:">τόποις·</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fxei">ἀπέχει</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Don">πλεῖον</w> <w lemma="e%28kato%5Cn">ἑκατὸν</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fwn">σταδίων</w>. <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="a%28%5C">ἃ</w> <w lemma="ble%2Fyas">βλέψας</w> <w lemma="th%2Fn">τήν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fkran">ἄκραν</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28th%5Cn">αὑτὴν</w> <w lemma="h%29sfali%2Fsato">ἠσφαλίσατο</w>,

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="lime%2Fni">λιμένι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="newri%2Fois">νεωρίοις</w> <w lemma="o%28mou%3D">ὁμοῦ</w> <w lemma="tei%3Dxos">τεῖχος</w> <w lemma="peribalw%5Cn">περιβαλὼν</w> <w lemma="e%29nexei%2Frei">ἐνεχείρει</w> <w lemma="suna%2Fyai">συνάψαι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fkran">ἄκραν</w>, <w lemma="xrw%2Fmenos">χρώμενος</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="oi%29konomi%2Fan">οἰκονομίαν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Apaiani%2Fou">Παιανίου</w> <w lemma="paraskeuai%3Ds">παρασκευαῖς</w>.

Having passed through the defile he continued to advance slowly and quietly, giving his troops leisure to pillage the country,

and when he reached <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Oeniadae&groupId=803&placeId=1451">Oeniadae</a> his army was abundantly furnished with provisions of every kind.

Encamping before Paeonium he determined to capture the city in the first place and after several assaults took it by storm. It is a town of no great size, being less than seven stades in circumference, but inferior to none in the fine construction of its houses, walls, and towers.

Philip razed the wall to the ground, and taking down the houses made the timbers and tiles into rafts and sent down the stones on them with the greatest care to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Oeniadae&groupId=803&placeId=1451">Oeniadae</a>.

The Aetolians at first determined to hold the citadel of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Oeniadae&groupId=803&placeId=1451">Oeniadae</a>, feeling themselves safe behind walls furnished with all other defences, but on Philip\'s approach took fright and retired.

The king, taking possession of this town too, advanced from it and encamped before a strong place in the territory of Calydon called Elaus admirably fortified by walls and other defences, Attalus having undertaken for the Aetolians the expense of construction.

The Macedonians assaulted and took this place also and after laying waste the whole territory of Calydon returned to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Oeniadae&groupId=803&placeId=1451">Oeniadae</a>.

But Philip, observing the natural advantages of the spot both in other respects and as a point from which to cross to the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Peloponnese&groupId=861&placeId=1552">Peloponnese</a>, conceived the plan of fortifying the town.

<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Oeniadae&groupId=803&placeId=1451">Oeniadae</a> lies at the extreme border of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Acarnania&groupId=270&placeId=527">Acarnania</a> on the coast of Aetolia, just at the entrance of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinthian Gulf&groupId=494&placeId=929">Corinthian Gulf</a>.

The part of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Peloponnese&groupId=861&placeId=1552">Peloponnese</a> facing it is the coast territory of Dyme, the nearest point being the promontory of Araxus which is not more than a hundred stades distant.

Looking to these facts Philip fortified the citadel separately and surrounding the harbour and dockyards with a wall he intended to connect them with the citadel, using the building material he had brought down from Paeonium for the work.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

4.56.0 - 4.87.0

The Social War: Events of 219 and the Following Winter

4.60.0 - 4.66.0

Philip's western campaign (219): on Philip's motives see E. Kirsten, Welt als Geschichte, 1942, 75–96; Walbank, Philip, 38–42. He was probably concerned to open up a western route through the friendly territories of Epirus, western Ambracia, and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Acarnania&groupId=270&placeId=527">Acarnania</a>, in <milestone unit="page" n="514">[514]</milestone> order both to consolidate Macedonian influence here, and to make it easier to reach <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> from Macedon. Philip's slow advance may have been partly due to his interest in the Roman expedition against <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a> this summer (iii. 16. 7, 18–19); but this motive has been exaggerated (cf. Tarn, CAH, vii. 765; Holleaux, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, 140 f.; a more cautious but still unacceptable statement in Oost, 25). Chronology: according to 63. 1 Philip began the siege of Ambracus on hearing from Macedon of Scopas' raid; such seems to be the meaning of <w lang="el-GR">ἐ?πολιόρκει</w>, for hitherto (61. 8) Philip merely <w lang="el-GR">ἐγίνετο περὶ τὴν παρασκευὴν τῶν πρὸς τὴν πολιορκίαν</w>. 62. 1 suggests that Scopas made his raid while Philip was thus preparing to besiege Ambracus; and it is implied that it was directly due to this delay. It is, however, unlikely that Philip spent so long preparing for the siege of Ambracus as to give time for Scopas to receive a message, march to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Dium&groupId=542&placeId=1019">Dium</a> and plunder it, and for news of this to come back to Ambracus; and the likelihood is that <w lang="el-GR">κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον</w> (62. 1) is a loose copula, that Scopas set out as soon as he heard that Philip had left <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Larissa&groupId=669&placeId=1224">Larissa</a> for Epirus (he was in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pieria&groupId=902&placeId=1622">Pieria</a> before the harvest; cf. 62. 1, reading <w lang="el-GR">σῖτον</w> with Kirchhoff and Hultsch, for <w lang="el-GR">τέριτον</w> AB or <w lang="el-GR">τέριον</w> R), and that P. or his source has distorted the sequence of events in order to calumniate the Epirotes (61. 5, 63. 1). Source. P. clearly draws on a good source; and Woodhouse (257–8) plausibly suggests the use of Nicander of Trichonium (cf. xx. 11, xxi. 25), who was, like P., banished to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, where he died (xx. 11. 10). In addition, however, P. appears to have had information going back to Philip's army (cf. Kirsten, RE, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Paianion&groupId=828&placeId=1496">Paianion</a>', col. 2365).

4.65.8 - 4.65.10

Position of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Oeniadae&groupId=803&placeId=1451">Oeniadae</a>. Usually the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinthian Gulf&groupId=494&placeId=929">Corinthian Gulf</a> was reckoned as starting at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhium&groupId=929&placeId=1662">Rhium</a>; but Strabo (viii. 335) makes it begin at the R. Euenus in Aetolia and Cape Araxus, and knows of others who (like P. here) would make it begin with the Achelous. P. exaggerates the convenience of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Oeniadae&groupId=803&placeId=1451">Oeniadae</a> for crossing to the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Peloponnese&groupId=861&placeId=1552">Peloponnese</a>. It faces the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ionian Sea&groupId=650&placeId=1190">Ionian Sea</a> rather than <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Elis&groupId=560&placeId=1048">Elis</a>, and lies 140 stades (not 100) from Cape Araxus, and nearly 200 from Dyme. But it had the advantage over any shorter crossing farther east (such as <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhium&groupId=929&placeId=1662">Rhium</a>, if Philip could have held Antirrhium) in that it was equally adapted for operations in either the Ambracian or the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinthian Gulf&groupId=494&placeId=929">Corinthian Gulf</a>. In short, Philip was interested in the permanent development of the westcoast route, and not merely in a quick crossing into the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Peloponnese&groupId=861&placeId=1552">Peloponnese</a>; cf. Philip, 41–42.

4.65.11 - 4.65.11

Fortification of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Oeniadae&groupId=803&placeId=1451">Oeniadae</a>: see Kirsten, RE, 'Oiniadai', cols. 2223–8. 1. Separate fortification of the citadel. The <w lang="el-GR">ἄ?κρα</w> was in the southeast part of the town, and had already been given some fortifications by the Aetolians (§ 5); Philip completed these to make the citadel a separate fortress. The remains include the foundations of walls and five towers which probably belong to these works. 2. Building of a cross-wall from the saddle containing the acropolis to the harbour. This, P. says, was merely planned <w lang="el-GR">(ἐνεχείρει)</w>; its beginnings can be traced on the terrain and are marked 'a' on Kirsten's plan (op. cit., cols. 2217–18). When completed this wall would have run, not directly from the citadel, but across the city at its narrowest point (500 m.). Kirsten (op. cit., col. 2226) argues that its non-completion was due to a change of plan which led to <milestone unit="page" n="520">[520]</milestone> the fortification of the whole town with the surrounding wall which can still be traced. 3. Harbour-fort and docks. On the north side of the town, facing the Lezini swamp (formerly a branch of the sea) are the remains of five ship-houses, 154 ft. by 134 ft., and 23 ft. high, hewn out of the rock. Despite the arguments of Leake (NG, iii. 568), these are evidently to be identified with Philip's <w lang="el-GR">νεώρια</w>; similarly the harbour fortifications of which traces exist are probably those built by Philip. Lehmann-Hartleben (80, 110 n. 2, 115–18, diagrams on pp. 116 and 118) agrees that the ship-houses date to the third century, but makes them earlier than Philip's fortification. This is possible but not very likely. For two tiles inscribed <w lang="el-GR">ΦΙ</w>§<w lang="el-GR">ΛΙ</w>§<w lang="el-GR">Π[ΠΟΥ]</w>, which probably date to this fortification by Philip, see Powell, AJA, 1904, 170; for plans and reconstructions, ibid. 227 ff. But the fullest and most authoritative account is in Kirsten (loc. cit.), who argues that <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Oeniadae&groupId=803&placeId=1451">Oeniadae</a> presents a remarkable example of later fortification which is precisely datable.

Specifics

4.65.2 - 4.65.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Οἰνιάδας</w>:</emph> Aetolian since the partitioning of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Acarnania&groupId=270&placeId=527">Acarnania</a> (ii. 45. 1 n.). Its extensive ruins lie on a small hill, Trikardkastro, on the south margin of the swamp of Lezina, upon a bay of which the ancient harbour now opens. See B. Powell, AJA, 1904, 137–73; E. Kirsten, RE, 'Oiniadai (1)', cols. 2204–28 (plans in cols. 2217–19). On its strategic position see §§ 8–10 n.; on its fortification, § 11 n.

4.65.3 - 4.65.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Παιάνιον</w>:</emph> Woodhouse's identification (161–2) with a hill bearing ancient remains (cf. Leake, NG, iii. 553), midway between the Achelous and the village of Mastru, on the left bank south of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ithoria&groupId=658&placeId=1201">Ithoria</a> (H. Elias), is confirmed by E. Kirsten (RE, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Paianion&groupId=828&placeId=1496">Paianion</a>', cols. 2368–74, with plan and full description based on autopsy and Noack's notes). Kirsten makes the circumference c. 500 m.; but P.'s 7 stades may have included the lower town. The still partially surviving walls are dated by Kirsten to after Philip's time, in view of § 4, <w lang="el-GR">τὸ . . . τεῖχος κατέσκαψε πᾶν εἰς ἔδαφος</w>. Nothing further is known of the town; but Stergiopoulos's suggestion <w lang="el-GR">(Ἡ ἀρχαία Αἰτωλία</w> (<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athens&groupId=379&placeId=715">Athens</a>, 1939), 104) that it contained a sanctuary of Apollo was anticipated by Schweighaeuser. No coins or inscriptions survive.

4.65.4 - 4.65.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">εἰς σχεδίας καθήρμοζε</w> 〈<w lang="el-GR">καὶ συνεχῶς κατῆγεν αὐτὰς</w>〉 <w lang="el-GR">τῷ ποταμῷ</w> :</emph> Schweighaeuser has a long note on this intractable passage. The insertion of Bttner-Wobst solves many problems. But it remains obscure how or why the <w lang="el-GR">κέραμος</w>, 'tiling', was used in the construction of rafts; and such must be the meaning of <w lang="el-GR">τὰ ξύλα . . . καθήρμοζε</w>. <milestone unit="page" n="519">[519]</milestone> Paton prints, but does not translate, Hultsch. For the floating of timber on the Achelous hereabouts today cf. Bquignon, Guide bleu, Grce (Paris, 1935), 458.

4.65.5 - 4.65.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀσφαλισάμενοι τείχεσι κτλ</w>.:</emph> 'having secured themselves by means of walls and other defences' (not 'feeling themselves safe', etc., as Paton). The walls were built for the occasion.

4.65.6 - 4.65.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">῎Ελαος</w>:</emph> often placed in the marshland near the coast either at Mesolonghi (Kiepert) or east of this on a hill near Sesti (Lolling). But Woodhouse (144 f.), following Bazin, argues for a site on the Zygos range (Aracynthus), at H. Elias, south of Kerasovon, on the road from Pleuron (as shown on Murray's map); Woodhouse points out that P. makes no reference to the intervening territory of Pleuron, and suggests a typical detour to attack a fort in the more important district farther east. The liberality of Attalus I of Pergamum is interesting as evidence for relations with Aetolia already before 219; cf. Hansen, 46. The benefaction of a portico to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Delphi&groupId=534&placeId=363">Delphi</a> (under Aetolian control) dating from a little earlier (Syll. 523; Flacelire, 271) is less significant.

Polybius, Histories

Bibliography

Archaeology

Places

Walbank Commentary

Commentary