Polybius, Histories

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Book 4 - Chapter 1

1
<w lemma="%2A%29en">Ἐν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="bu%2Fblw%7C">βύβλῳ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fas">αἰτίας</w> <w lemma="e%29dhlw%2Fsamen">ἐδηλώσαμεν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="deute%2Frou">δευτέρου</w> <w lemma="susta%2Fntos">συστάντος</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fois">Καρχηδονίοις</w> <w lemma="pole%2Fmou">πολέμου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ei%29sbolh%3Ds">εἰσβολῆς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fan">Ἰταλίαν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fbou">Ἀννίβου</w> <w lemma="dih%2Flqomen">διήλθομεν</w>,
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<w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="e%29chghsa%2Fmeqa">ἐξηγησάμεθα</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnous">γενομένους</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%3Dnas">ἀγῶνας</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flous">ἀλλήλους</w> <w lemma="me%2Fxri">μέχρι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxhs">μάχης</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aau%29%2Ffidon">Αὔφιδον</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cn">ποταμὸν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="%2Aka%2Fnnan">Κάνναν</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnhs">γενομένης</w>.
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<w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellhnika%5Cs">Ἑλληνικὰς</w> <w lemma="die%2Fcimen">διέξιμεν</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fceis">πράξεις</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="kairou%5Cs">καιροὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29pitelesqei%2Fsas">ἐπιτελεσθείσας</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnois">προειρημένοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%28katosth%3Ds">ἑκατοστῆς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tettarakosth%3Ds">τετταρακοστῆς</w> <w lemma="o%29lumpia%2Fdos">ὀλυμπιάδος</w>,
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<w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="a%29namnh%2Fsantes">ἀναμνήσαντες</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="braxe%2Fwn">βραχέων</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29ntugxa%2Fnontas">ἐντυγχάνοντας</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="pragmatei%2Fa%7C">πραγματείᾳ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="kataskeuh%3Ds">κατασκευῆς</w>, <w lemma="h%28%5Cn">ἣν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="deute%2Fra%7C">δευτέρᾳ</w> <w lemma="bu%2Fblw%7C">βύβλῳ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellhnikw%3Dn">Ἑλληνικῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29poihsa%2Fmeqa">ἐποιησάμεθα</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqnous">ἔθνους</w>, <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="poli%2Fteuma">πολίτευμα</w> <w lemma="para%2Fdocon">παράδοξον</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fdosin">ἐπίδοσιν</w> <w lemma="labei%3Dn">λαβεῖν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%2Fs">εἴς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="h%28mw%3Dn">ἡμῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28ma%3Ds">ἡμᾶς</w> <w lemma="kairou%2Fs">καιρούς</w>.
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<w lemma="a%29rca%2Fmenoi">ἀρξάμενοι</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Atisamenou%3D">Τισαμενοῦ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ore%2Fstou">Ὀρέστου</w> <w lemma="pai%2Fdwn">παίδων</w> <w lemma="e%28no%2Fs">ἑνός</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="fh%2Fsantes">φήσαντες</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="basileuqh%3Dnai">βασιλευθῆναι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fnos">γένος</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fwgugon">Ὤγυγον</w>, <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="kalli%2Fsth%7C">καλλίστῃ</w> <w lemma="proaire%2Fsei">προαιρέσει</w> <w lemma="xrhsame%2Fnous">χρησαμένους</w> <w lemma="dhmokratikh%3Ds">δημοκρατικῆς</w> <w lemma="politei%2Fas">πολιτείας</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedoni%2Fas">Μακεδονίας</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fwn">βασιλέων</w> <w lemma="diaspasqh%3Dnai">διασπασθῆναι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fleis">πόλεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kw%2Fmas">κώμας</w>,
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<w lemma="e%28ch%3Ds">ἑξῆς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="e%29pebalo%2Fmeqa">ἐπεβαλόμεθα</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgein">λέγειν</w> <w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="au%29%3Dqis">αὖθις</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Frcanto">ἤρξαντο</w> <w lemma="sumfronei%3Dn">συμφρονεῖν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fte">πότε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ti%2Fnes">τίνες</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dtoi">πρῶτοι</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fsthsan">συνέστησαν</w>.
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<w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28pome%2Fnws">ἑπομένως</w> <w lemma="e%29dhlw%2Fsamen">ἐδηλώσαμεν</w> <w lemma="ti%2Fni">τίνι</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpw%7C">τρόπῳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="poi%2Fa%7C">ποίᾳ</w> <w lemma="proaire%2Fsei">προαιρέσει</w> <w lemma="prosago%2Fmenoi">προσαγόμενοι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="po%2Fleis">πόλεις</w> <w lemma="e%29peba%2Flonto">ἐπεβάλοντο</w> <w lemma="%2Apeloponnhsi%2Fous">Πελοποννησίους</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="au%29th%5Cn">αὐτὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgein">ἄγειν</w> <w lemma="o%29nomasi%2Fan">ὀνομασίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="politei%2Fan">πολιτείαν</w>.
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<w lemma="kaqolikw%3Ds">καθολικῶς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnhs">προειρημένης</w> <w lemma="e%29pibolh%3Ds">ἐπιβολῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29pofhna%2Fmenoi">ἀποφηνάμενοι</w>, <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frgwn">ἔργων</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sunexe%5Cs">συνεχὲς</w> <w lemma="e%29piyau%2Fontes">ἐπιψαύοντες</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Akleome%2Fnous">Κλεομένους</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Alakedaimoni%2Fwn">Λακεδαιμονίων</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fws">βασιλέως</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fkptwsin">ἔκπτωσιν</w> <w lemma="kathnth%2Fsamen">κατηντήσαμεν</w>.
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<w lemma="sugkefalaiwsa%2Fmenoi">συγκεφαλαιωσάμενοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="prokataskeuh%3Ds">προκατασκευῆς</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fceis">πράξεις</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29antigo%2Fnou">Ἀντιγόνου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aseleu%2Fkou">Σελεύκου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aptolemai%2Fou">Πτολεμαίου</w> <w lemma="teleuth%3Ds">τελευτῆς</w>, <w lemma="e%29peidh%5C">ἐπειδὴ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="kairou%5Cs">καιροὺς</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntes">πάντες</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3Dtoi">οὗτοι</w> <w lemma="meth%2Fllacan">μετήλλαξαν</w>, <w lemma="loipo%5Cn">λοιπὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29phggeila%2Fmeqa">ἐπηγγειλάμεθα</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3Dn">αὑτῶν</w> <w lemma="pragmatei%2Fas">πραγματείας</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%5Cn">ἀρχὴν</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsasqai">ποιήσασθαι</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%3Ds">ἑξῆς</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnois">προειρημένοις</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fceis">πράξεις</w>,
In the preceding Book after pointing out the causes of the second war between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a>, I described the invasion of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> by Hannibal, and the engagements which took place between the belligerents up to the battle on the river <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Aufidus&groupId=384&placeId=723">Aufidus</a> at the town of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cannae&groupId=430&placeId=797">Cannae</a>. I shall now give an account of the contemporary events in Greece from the 140th Olympiad onwards, after briefly recalling to the minds of my readers the sketch I gave in my second Book<note place="end" resp="tr" id="note1"><emph rend="bold">the sketch I gave in my second Book:</emph>.</note>of Greek affairs and especially of the growth of the Achaean League, the progress of that state having been surprisingly rapid in my own time and earlier.
Beginning their history with Tisamenus, one of Orestes' sons, I stated that they were ruled by kings of his house down to the reign of Ogygus, after which they adopted a most admirable democratical constitution, until for a time their League was dissolved into cities and villages by the kings of Macedon.
Next I went on to tell how they subsequently began to reunite, and which were the first cities to league therefore, and following on this I pointed out in what manner and on what principle they tried to attract other cities and formed the design of uniting all the Peloponnesians in one polity and under one name. After a general survey of this design, I gave a brief but continuous sketch of events in detail up to the dethronement of Cleomenes, king of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a>. Summarizing, next, the occurrences dealt with in my introductory sketch up to the deaths of Antigonus Doson, Seleucus Ceraunus, and Ptolemy Euergetes, which all took place about the same time, I announced that I would enter on my main history with the events immediately following the above period.