Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 35 - Chapter 2

<w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="e%29peidh%5C">ἐπειδὴ</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="%2Akelti%2Fbhres">Κελτίβηρες</w> <w lemma="a%29noxa%5Cs">ἀνοχὰς</w> <w lemma="poihsa%2Fmenoi">ποιησάμενοι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Ama%2Frkon">Μάρκον</w> <w lemma="%2Aklau%2Fdion">Κλαύδιον</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="strathgo%5Cn">στρατηγὸν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="e%29cape%2Fsteilan">ἐξαπέστειλαν</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="presbei%2Fas">πρεσβείας</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w>, <w lemma="ou%28%3Dtoi">οὗτοι</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="h%28suxi%2Fan">ἡσυχίαν</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dgon">ἦγον</w>, <w lemma="karadokou%3Dntes">καραδοκοῦντες</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%2Ffasin">ἀπόφασιν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="sugklh%2Ftou">συγκλήτου</w>,

<w lemma="%2Ama%2Frkos">Μάρκος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="strateu%2Fsas">στρατεύσας</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Alusitanou%5Cs">Λυσιτανοὺς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Anerko%2Fbrika">Νερκόβρικα</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="kra%2Ftos">κράτος</w> <w lemma="e%28lw%5Cn">ἑλὼν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2Akordu%2Fba%7C">Κορδύβᾳ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="paraxeimasi%2Fan">παραχειμασίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29poiei%3Dto">ἐποιεῖτο</w>.

<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pre%2Fsbewn">πρέσβεων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w> <w lemma="paragenome%2Fnwn">παραγενομένων</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Abellw%3Dn">Βελλῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Fttwn">Τίττων</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fsoi">ὅσοι</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="h%28%7Crou%3Dnto">ᾑροῦντο</w>, <w lemma="parede%2Fcanto">παρεδέξαντο</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w>,

<w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29arauakw%3Dn">Ἀραυακῶν</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fran">πέραν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Atibe%2Frews">Τιβέρεως</w> <w lemma="e%29ke%2Fleusan">ἐκέλευσαν</w> <w lemma="kataskhnou%3Dn">κατασκηνοῦν</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fous">πολεμίους</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxein">ὑπάρχειν</w>, <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="bouleu%2Fswntai">βουλεύσωνται</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flwn">ὅλων</w>.

<w lemma="genome%2Fnou">γενομένου</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kairou%3D">καιροῦ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fnteucin">ἔντευξιν</w>, <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="strathgo%5Cs">στρατηγὸς</w> <w lemma="ei%29sh%3Dge">εἰσῆγε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="summa%2Fxous">συμμάχους</w>.

<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%2Fper">καίπερ</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fntes">ὄντες</w> <w lemma="ba%2Frbaroi">βάρβαροι</w> ?<w lemma=""></w>* <w lemma="dieti%2Fqento">διετίθεντο</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgous">λόγους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fsas">πάσας</w> <w lemma="e%29ceukrinei%3Dn">ἐξευκρινεῖν</w> <w lemma="e%29peirw%3Dnto">ἐπειρῶντο</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="diafora%2Fs">διαφοράς</w>,

<w lemma="u%28podeiknu%2Fntes">ὑποδεικνύντες</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w>, <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="sustalh%2Fsontai">συσταλήσονται</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="teu%2Fcontai">τεύξονται</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%28rmozou%2Fshs">ἁρμοζούσης</w> <w lemma="kola%2Fsews">κολάσεως</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="pepolemhko%2Ftes">πεπολεμηκότες</w>, <w lemma="parauti%2Fka">παραυτίκα</w> <w lemma="me%2Fn">μέν</w>, <w lemma="e%29panelqo%2Fntwn">ἐπανελθόντων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai+kw%3Dn">Ῥωμαϊκῶν</w> <w lemma="stratope%2Fdwn">στρατοπέδων</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhri%2Fas">Ἰβηρίας</w>, <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="xeiro%5Cs">χειρὸς</w> <w lemma="prosepiqh%2Fsousi">προσεπιθήσουσι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="di%2Fkhn">δίκην</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w>.

<w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="prodo%2Ftais">προδόταις</w> <w lemma="gegono%2Fsi">γεγονόσι</w>, <w lemma="taxu%5C">ταχὺ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%5C">αὐτοὶ</w> <w lemma="kinh%2Fsousi">κινήσουσι</w> <w lemma="pragma%2Ftwn">πραγμάτων</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%2Fn">ἀρχήν</w>, <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="a%29nepiti%2Fmhtoi">ἀνεπιτίμητοι</w> <w lemma="diafu%2Fgwsin">διαφύγωσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="prw%2Fths">πρώτης</w> <w lemma="a%28marti%2Fas">ἁμαρτίας</w>, <w lemma="e%28toi%2Fmous">ἑτοίμους</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="kainotomi%2Fan">καινοτομίαν</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsousi">ποιήσουσι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhri%2Fan">Ἰβηρίαν</w>, <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="i%28kanoi%5C">ἱκανοὶ</w> <w lemma="gegono%2Ftes">γεγονότες</w> <w lemma="a%29nti%2Fpaloi">ἀντίπαλοι</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w>.

<w lemma="dio%2Fper">διόπερ</w> <w lemma="h%29ci%2Foun">ἠξίουν</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fnein">μένειν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="strato%2Fpeda">στρατόπεδα</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhri%2Fan">Ἰβηρίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diabai%2Fnein">διαβαίνειν</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fkaston">ἕκαστον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftos">ἔτος</w> <w lemma="u%28%2Fpaton">ὕπατον</w> <w lemma="e%29fedreu%2Fsonta">ἐφεδρεύσοντα</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="summa%2Fxois">συμμάχοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kola%2Fsonta">κολάσοντα</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29arauakw%3Dn">Ἀραυακῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29diki%2Fas">ἀδικίας</w>,

<w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="boulome%2Fnous">βουλομένους</w> <w lemma="a%29pa%2Fgein">ἀπάγειν</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmeis">δυνάμεις</w> <w lemma="paradeigmatiste%2Fon">παραδειγματιστέον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnwn">προειρημένων</w> <w lemma="e%29pana%2Fstasin">ἐπανάστασιν</w>, <w lemma="i%28%2Fna">ἵνα</w> <w lemma="mhdei%5Cs">μηδεὶς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dn">ποιεῖν</w> <w lemma="qarrh%3D%7C">θαρρῇ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="paraplh%2Fsion">παραπλήσιον</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w>.

<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="%2Abellw%3Dn">Βελλῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Fttwn">Τίττων</w> <w lemma="summaxou%3Dntes">συμμαχοῦντες</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="paraplh%2Fsia">παραπλήσια</w> <w lemma="diele%2Fxqhsan">διελέχθησαν</w>.

<w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="ei%29sh%3Dgon">εἰσῆγον</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fwn">πολεμίων</w>.

<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29araua%2Fkai">Ἀραυάκαι</w> <w lemma="parelqo%2Fntes">παρελθόντες</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%2Fkrisin">ὑπόκρισιν</w> <w lemma="e%29xrw%3Dnto">ἐχρῶντο</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgois">λόγοις</w> <w lemma="u%28popeptwko%2Ftws">ὑποπεπτωκότως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tapeinw%3Ds">ταπεινῶς</w>, <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="proaire%2Fsei">προαιρέσει</w> [<w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w>] <w lemma="die%2Ffainon">διέφαινον</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="ei%29kou%2Fsh%7C">εἰκούσῃ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flois">ὅλοις</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28ttwme%2Fnh%7C">ἡττωμένῃ</w>.

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tu%2Fxhs">τύχης</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fdhla">ἄδηλα</w> <w lemma="polla%2Fkis">πολλάκις</w> <w lemma="u%28pedei%2Fknuon">ὑπεδείκνυον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="progegenhme%2Fnas">προγεγενημένας</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxas">μάχας</w> <w lemma="a%29mfidhri%2Ftous">ἀμφιδηρίτους</w> <w lemma="poiou%3Dntes">ποιοῦντες</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fsais">πάσαις</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fmfasin">ἔμφασιν</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fleipon">ἀπέλειπον</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="e%29pikudeste%2Frwn">ἐπικυδεστέρων</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="gegono%2Ftwn">γεγονότων</w>.

<w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgwn:">λόγων·</w> <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fn">μέν</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="r%28hto%5Cn">ῥητὸν</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fstimon">πρόστιμον</w> <w lemma="u%28pome%2Fnein">ὑπομένειν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29gnoi%2Fas">ἀγνοίας</w>, <w lemma="a%29nade%2Fxesqai">ἀναδέχεσθαι</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dt%27">τοῦτ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffasan">ἔφασαν</w>, <w lemma="telesqe%2Fntos">τελεσθέντος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="prosta%2Fgmatos">προστάγματος</w> <w lemma="e%29pana%2Fgein">ἐπανάγειν</w> <w lemma="h%29ci%2Foun">ἠξίουν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Atebe%2Frion">Τεβέριον</w> <w lemma="o%28mologi%2Fas">ὁμολογίας</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnas">γενομένας</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhton">σύγκλητον</w>.

After the Celtiberians had made a truce with Marcus Claudius Marcellus, the Roman commander, and had sent embassies to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, they remained inactive awaiting the decision of the senate,

while Marcus after an expedition into Lusitania, in which he took by assault the city of Nercobrica, retired into winter quarters at Cordova.

When the embassies arrived in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> those from the Belli and Titti who had taken the side of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> were all admitted into the city,

but those from the Aravacae, as they were enemies, were ordered to encamp on the other side of the Tiber until a decision was arrived at about the whole question.

When the time for their audience came the Praetor Urbanus first introduced the allies.

Although foreigners they spoke at length and attempted to lay before the senate a clear statement of all the points in dispute,

pointing out that if those who had taken up arms did not meet with proper chastisement they would at once take vengeance on themselves as having betrayed the cause, and if their former fault remained unpunished,

very soon again commence disturbances and make the whole of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> disposed to rebel, under the idea that they had proved themselves more than a match for the Romans.

They therefore demanded either that the legions should remain in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> and that a consul should proceed there every year to protect the allies and check the malpractices of the Aravacae,

or if the senate desired to withdraw their forces, the revolt of the Aravacae should be punished in such an exemplary fashion that no one would dare do the like again.

Such was the substance of the speeches made by the Belli and Titti, the allies of the Romans.

The envoys of the hostile tribes were then introduced.

The Aravacae when they presented themselves assumed in their speech a humble and submissive attitude, but made it evident that at heart they were neither disposed to make complete submission nor to accept defeat.

For they more than once hinted at the uncertainty of Fortune, and by making out that the engagements that had taken place were hotly contested left the impression that in all of them they thought they themselves had fought more brilliantly than the Romans.

The gist of the speeches was that if a fixed penalty were to be imposed on them for their error they would consent to pay it; but when they had complied with this they demanded that the Romans should revert to the terms of their convention with the senate in the time of Tiberius Gracchus.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

35.2.1 - 35.4.14

Envoys of the Belli, Titti, and Aravaci and fromMarcellus are heard by the Senate (151) This excerpt from de legat. gent. is from res Italiae of Ol. 157, 1 = 152/1, and refers to the hearing of envoys from the Spanish tribes in that winter. The mention of the new consuls of A. U. C. 603 = 151 (3. 7) suggests that they were heard as usual immediately after the consuls had entered office; cf. De Sanctis, iv. 1. 387. On the other hand, the reception of the envoys by the praetor urbanus, rather than by a consul, could imply that, exceptionally, they were heard towards the end of the consular year 152; see 2. 5 n. Two years have elapsed since the hearing of the Segedan envoys and the war-decision (154); cf. 1. 1–6 n. The decision to send out both consuls indicates the seriousness of the war. In 153 the consul Q. Fulvius M.f. M.n. Nobilior suffered a series of disasters in Celtiberia (App. Hisp. 45–47). The people of Segeda, whose wall was incomplete on his arrival, took refuge with the Aravaci to their west; and they, after fruitless attempts to mediate (Florus, i. 34. 4) made an alliance with Segeda and appointed the Segedan Carus (Diodorus calls him Cacyrus) as leader. Segeda later figures as an Aravacan town (2. 4 n.). Carus inflicted a heavy defeat on Nobilior, whom he <milestone unit="page" n="641">[641]</milestone> caught in an ambush, but soon afterwards he was killed. Nobilior now advanced on the Aravacan capital of Numantia; but an initial success due to the use of elephants sent by Masinissa was reversed when they ran amuck and trampled on the Romans, who sustained heavy losses. The town of Ocilis now fell away, an attempt to get corn from the enemy stocks at Axeinium miscarried and troops sent by the Vaccaei to help the Romans were waylaid and routed. Nobilior wintered in a camp on Gran Atalya mountain near Renieblas where his troops suffered great hardship (De Sanctis, iv. 1. 467–70; Schulten, CAH, viii. 318–19; Simon, 19–20, 25–30). For 152 M. Claudius M.f.M.n. Marcellus (2. 1 n.) was elected consul and sent with reinforcements to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> (cf. Fishwick, CP 1977, 129). After taking over from Nobilior he evaded an ambush, and seized Ocilio, which he treated considerately. Meeting treachery at Nertobriga, he threatened to destroy its inhabitants, whereupon, according to Appian, the Belli, Titti, and Aravaci agreed to give hostages and asked to be restored to their position under the Gracchan treaty (App. Hisp. 48; below, 2. 1 n.). When this was opposed by <w lang="el-GR">ἐπιχώριοί τινες? ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνων πεπολεμημένοι</w> , Marcellus sent envoys <w lang="el-GR">ἐξ ἑκατέρων</w> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (App. Hisp. 49). Comparison with P. shows Appian to have failed to distinguish the Aravaci from the Belli and the Titti, who constitute the friendly tribes lodged within the city, while the Aravaci have to encamp across the Tiber (2. 3–4); hence his reference to unnamed <w lang="el-GR">ἐπιχώριοι</w> who are sent to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> to put the other case. The demands of the Aravaci (2. 15 n.) correspond to those which Appian (Hisp. 48 ad fin.) attributed to the Aravaci, Belli, and Titti. P. is to be followed; his account implies that, despite the defection of Segeda to the Aravaci, the greater part of the Belli and Titti have maintained a pro-Roman position. Hence the advice proffered by their envoys to the Senate (2. 6–10) is deeply hostile to the Aravaci. Simon, 12 n. 4, suggests plausibly that under the Gracchan treaty the Aravaci had remained independent, as Roman amici, while the Belli and Titti became tribute-paying socii; and he supposes (Simon, 37) that the Aravacan envoys (2. 12–13) also included and spoke for dissident Belli and Titti. This is possible, since the envoys from the Belli and Titti do not speak for the whole of those tribes (cf. 2. 3 n., 2. 11 n.), and it might explain Appian's confusion.

Specifics

35.2.1 - 35.2.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οἱ Κελτίβηρες</w>:</emph> the Belli and Titti (§ 3) and the Aravaci (§ 4); see the previous note for Appian's confusion over their respective roles. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Μάρκον Κλαύδιον τὸν στρατηγόν</w>:</emph> M. Claudius M.f. M.n. Marcellus had been consul in 166 and 155. His election in 152 was probably due to the crisis in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>, for he had served there in 169 as praetor (holding the whole of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>: Livy, xliii. 14. 2–5, 15. 4–5). It has been <milestone unit="page" n="642">[642]</milestone> argued that he obtained a dispensation from the ten-year rule (cf. De Sanctis, iv. 1. 471) and was perhaps given <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> by a special resolution of the Senate or people; see against this Astin, 38–40; Lex Annalis, 438 f. For his achievements in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> down to the armistice see 2. 1–4. 14 n.; on Marcellus see Mnzer, RE, 'Claudius (225)', cols. 2758–60, and, on his re-election to the consulship, R. L. Calvert, Athen. 1961, 11–23; Astin, 38–40. Marcellus receives hostile treatment in P. (cf. § 2 n., referring to fg. 110, 3. 2 n., 4. 3 n.), probably because his policy of pacification and winning over the tribes was strongly opposed by Scipio Aemilianus (4. 8–14). See Gelzer, Kl. Schr. iii. 176 n. 120, emphasizing P.'s use of Scipio as a source for these negotiations.

35.2.2 - 35.2.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">στρατεύσας? εἰς τοὺς Λυσιτανούς</w>:</emph> fighting had broken out in western <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> in 154 with the defeat of a Roman army under two praetors, M'. Manilius and L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, by a Lusitanian leader Punicus at an unidentified site, possibly on the upper <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tagus&groupId=1000&placeId=1762">Tagus</a> (App. Hisp. 56; De Sanctis, iv. 1. 466; on the commands held by the praetors see Fishwick, CP, 1977, 129), and in 153 L. Mummius (cf. xxxix. 3. 3), after one defeat by a new leader Caesarus (App. Hisp. 56; Diod. xxxi. 42 (preferable); Simon, 21 n. 22), which encouraged the Aravaci in their attack in Celtiberia, gained several successes in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> and, when the Lusitanians crossed over to north <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a>, there too (App. Hisp. 58; Simon, 20–25). In 152 Mummius' successor, the praetor M. Atilius, captured the unidentified town of Oxthrace and so persuaded the Vettones to enter into treaty relations with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (which were soon broken): App. Hisp. 58. It was with Atilius that Marcellus operated during the Celtiberian armistice; but on what basis is not recorded (App. Hisp. 58; Simon, 34–35). See also Eutrop. iv. 9; Obsequens, 18. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν Νερκόβρικα πόλιν . . . ἑλών</w>:</emph> this town, which later received the epithets Concordia Iulia, lay near Frejenal de la Sierra in the province of Badajoz (cf. Pliny, iii. 14; Ptol. Geog. ii. 4. 10). Inscriptions (cf. CIL, ii. p. 12. 5) have Nertobriga. This Lusitanian town is quite distinct from a homonymous Celtiberian town in the Jaln valley, where Marcellus encountered treachery earlier in the year (2. 1–4. 14 n.; App. Hisp. 48). See Schulten, RE, 'Nertobriga (2)', cols. 54–55. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐν Κορδύβᾳ τὴν παραχειμασίαν ἐποιεῖτο</w>:</emph> winter, 152/1. Corduba on the Baetis (modern Crdoba) was perhaps founded by Marcellus now; cf. Strabo, iii. 2. 1, C. 141, <w lang="el-GR">Μαρκέλλου κτίσμα</w>; Hbner, RE, 'Corduba', cols. 1221–4; M. Griffin, JRS, 1972, 17–19 (discussing the date of the colony). Fg. 110 = fg. 178, quoted by Bttner-Wobst in the apparatus criticus to this passage (from Suidas) speaks of <w lang="el-GR">Μάρκος ὁ Ῥωμαίων στρατηγός</w> who, wishing to be free of the war against the Lusitanians, tried to make a change <w lang="el-GR">καὶ τὸ</w> 〈<w lang="el-GR">δὴ</w>〉 <w lang="el-GR">λεγόμενον ἐκνεύσας τὴν ἀνδρωνῖτιν εἰς τὴν γυναικωνῖτιν κωμάσαι</w> (on the proverb <milestone unit="page" n="643">[643]</milestone> see Wunderer, i. 39–40). The reference will be to Marcellus' retirement into winter quarters at Corduba, and is part of the hostile propaganda directed against him (cf. 3. 4 n., 4. 3 n.); cf. Schulten, Hermes, 1911, 571 (preferable to Wunderer, loc. cit., who refers the fragment to the praetor M. Atilius). See also Pdech, Mthode, 558 n. 246.

35.2.3 - 35.2.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν . . . πρέσβεων . . . παραγενομένων</w>:</emph> sent by Marcellus; 2. 1– 4. 14 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">παρὰ τῶν Βελλῶν καὶ Τίττων</w>:</emph> they occupied areas near the Jaln valley, but precisely where is not known; cf. Hbner, RE, 'Belli', col. 251; Schulten, RE, 'Titter', cols. 1572–3. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὅσοι τὰ Ῥωμαίων ᾑροῦντο</w>:</emph> 'as many as were supporting the Roman cause'; see above, 2. 1–4. 14 n., for Appian's divergent account, perhaps based on the support of Segeda for the Aravaci.

35.2.4 - 35.2.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν Ἀραυακῶν</w>:</emph> the most powerful Celtiberian tribe, inhabiting the western area around the head waters of the Douro (cf. Schulten, CAH, viii. 318–19); later, in Strabo, iii. 4. 13, C. 162, they have expanded east and south as far as the head waters of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tagus&groupId=1000&placeId=1762">Tagus</a>, and Segeda is Aravacan. This may mean that they had absorbed the Belli. Variations of the name occur; Diodorus (xxxi. 42), Strabo (loc. cit.), and Appian (Hisp. 45–99) call them <w lang="el-GR">Ἀρουακοί</w>, inscriptions and military diplomas have Arauaci. See Hbner, RE, 'Aravaci', col. 682, for other variants. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πέραν τοῦ Τιβέρεως . . . κατασκηνοῦν</w>:</emph> for <w lang="el-GR">κατασκηνοῦν</w> see x. 31. 5 n.; on the reception of legati from hostile and friendly states see vi. 13. 7 n. As enemies, the Aravaci might not cross the pomerium; cf. Livy, xxx. 21. 12, xxxiii. 24. 5, 'Macedones deducti extra urbem in uillam publicam ibique eis locus et lautia praebita et ad aedem Bellonae senatus datus', xlv. 22. 2 (of the Rhodians); Mommsen, St.-R. iii. 2. 1152 n. 5. Sometimes the hostile legati were heard outside the pomerium; but there is no evidence that this was so for the Aravaci.

35.2.5 - 35.2.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ πόλιν ὁ στρατηγὸς εἰσῆγε κτλ</w>.:</emph> 'the praetor urbanus brought the allies before the Senate'; for this translation of praetor urbanus see IGR, i. 118 = Sherk, 22 l. 2 (S.C. for Asclepiades) where <w lang="el-GR">στρατηγοῦ δὲ κατὰ πόλιν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ξένων</w> translates 'pr(aetore) urbano et inter peregrinos'. <w lang="el-GR">στρατηγία πολιτική</w> also appears (App. B.C. ii. 112, iii. 95; Plut. Brut. 7. 1). See Mommsen, St.-R. ii. 1. 194 n. 2; Mason, 86. Foreign envoys were normally introduced to the Senate by a consul or both consuls (vi. 12. 2, xxiii. 1. 8), and an exception requires explanation. If exceptionally the hearing took place on this occasion before the end of A.U.C. 602 = 152, this is available, since Marcellus was in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> and his colleague, L. Valerius Flaccus, had died in office (Fast. Cap.); cf. Simon, 37 n. 42. But a hearing at this time and in the absence of both consuls would itself require an explana- <milestone unit="page" n="644">[644]</milestone> tion, especially since the consuls for 151 were already in office shortly afterwards (3. 7 n.); this would normally render a hearing at the end of the previous year unlikely. One possibility, however, is that the consuls-elect themselves engineered an early hearing so as to reduce possible delay in the aggressive policy which they planned (Livy, ep. 48; App. Hisp. 49). The name of the praetor urbanus for neither 152 nor 151 is recorded. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς συμμάχους</w>:</emph> the Belli and Titti, probably socii under the Gracchan treaty; the events at Segeda seem now to be ignored.

35.2.7 - 35.2.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">εἰ μὴ συστ</w></emph> 〈 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">αλ</w></emph> 〉 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ήσονται . . . οἱ πεπολεμηκότες</w>:</emph> i.e. the Aravaci. Paton omits to translate <w lang="el-GR">συσταλήσονται</w> (so Bttner-Wobst for the manuscript <w lang="el-GR">συστήσονται)</w>, 'if those who had taken up arms were not reduced'. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὡς προδόταις γεγονόσι</w>:</emph> not without reason, since the fugitives from Segeda had helped to precipitate the outbreak.

35.2.9 - 35.2.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἔτος ὕπατον</w>:</emph> as had been done since 154, but not previously since 195. It had become normal practice to send two praetors to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>, where they remained for two years.

35.2.11 - 35.2.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οἱ . . . Βελλῶν καὶ Τίττων συμμαχοῦντες Ῥωμαίοις</w>:</emph> excluding Segeda and, for all we know, other towns. Paton's translation obscures the fact that P. is speaking only of some of these peoples.

35.2.13 - 35.2.13

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ . . . τὴν ὑπόκρισιν</w>:</emph> 'in outward appearance'. contrasted with <w lang="el-GR">τῇ γε μὴν προαιρέσει</w>, 'at heart'. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐκ εἰκούσῃ τοῖς ὃλοις</w>:</emph> 'not to be in any degree submissive', rather than Paton, 'neither disposed to make complete submission . . .' <w lang="el-GR">οὐ . . . τοῖς ὃλοις</w> means 'not at all' rather than 'not entirely'.

35.2.15 - 35.2.15

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐπανάγειν ἠξίουν ἐπὶ τὰς κατὰ Τεβέριον ὁμολογίας</w>:</emph> cf. App. Hisp. 48, <w lang="el-GR">τὸν Μάρκελλον ἠξίουν, ποινὴν αὐτοῖς ἐπιθέντα μετρίαν, ἐς τὰς Γράκχον συνθήκας ἀναγαγεῖν</w> . On the treaty made with Ti. Sempronius Gracchus in 178 see 1. 1–6 n.

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