<p rend="Plain Text">= Pliny, Nat. hist. iv. 121 (§ 1), vi. 206 (§ 2), iv. 119 (§ 3), iii. 75 (§ 4), iv. 77 (§ 5), v. 40 (§ 6), v. 9 (§ 7), v. 26 (§ 8), vi. 199 (§ 9).</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">Of these Latin 'fragments' from Pliny (who may have learnt of P.'s views via Varro; cf. D. Detlefsen, Die Anordnung der geographischen Bcher des Plinius und ihre Quellen (Berlin, 1909), 166–7; Pdech, LEC, 1956, 21 n. 64) §§ 1–2 and 4–5 probably belong to the general account of the configuration of Europe, and § 3 to the section on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>. §§ 6 and 8 form part of the general introduction to the section on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a>, and §§ 7 and 9 are probably from a final section concerned with P.'s voyage of exploration. See pp. 567–9.</p>
34.15.1 - 34.15.1
<p rend="Plain Text">
Breadth of Europe. Different manuscripts of Pliny give different figures. For P.'s distance from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> to the Ocean the best reading, accepted by Jan–Mayhoff, is XII. L, i.e. 1,250 m.p. Pliny's
<milestone unit="page" n="630">[630]</milestone>
distance to the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Alps&groupId=313&placeId=609">Alps</a> appears variously as X. XX, XI. XX, and XII. XX; Jan–Mayhoff read X. XX, i.e. 1,020 m.p. From there to the harbour of the Morini appears as XI. LXVIIII, XI. LXVIII or ///// LXVIIII, and XIII. XVIII; Jan–Mayhoff read XI. LXVIIII, i.e. 1,169 m.p. 1,250 m.p. (Bttner-Wobst reads 1,150 m.p.) is probably Varro's conversion of P.'s stades, and clearly on the 1:8 ratio since 1:8 would imply some very odd totals in the original. 1,150 m.p. = 9,200 stades, 1,250 m.p. = 10,000 stades; the latter seems the more probable and so confirms the weight of the majority of the manuscripts in favour of that reading. Pliny believed P. to be following a route via Lyons, but P.'s figure is more likely to be a paper calculation like that of Strabo, i. 4. 4, C. 63, who makes the distance from Massalia to Ierne (Ireland) 9,000 stades. Pdech, Mthode, 592 n. 455, argues that P.'s figures have an inner consistency. If P. has inscribed Europe within a triangle with points at the Pillars of Heracles, the Maeotis, and C. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Malea&groupId=730&placeId=1337">Malea</a>, and if the distance from the Pillars to C. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Malea&groupId=730&placeId=1337">Malea</a> was 22,500 stades (4. 6 n.) and that from the Pillars to the Maeotis 27,500 stades (§ 2: 3,437.5 m.p.), and if the line Pillars–Maeotis passed through the mouth of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ister&groupId=654&placeId=1194">Ister</a> (<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Danube&groupId=654&placeId=1195">Danube</a>), which is 10,000 stades north of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Malea&groupId=730&placeId=1337">Malea</a> (12. 12), then it is possible to drop a perpendicular from the Maeotis to the latitude of C. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Malea&groupId=730&placeId=1337">Malea</a> which comes to 11,200 stades a figure which corresponds exactly to 11,200 stades obtained by adding 9,200 stades (Massalia to the Channel) and 2,000 stades (6. 7: <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Narbo&groupId=786&placeId=1423">Narbo</a> to the latitude of the Pillars–C. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Malea&groupId=730&placeId=1337">Malea</a>).
</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">However, these calculations are tenuous since (a) the line Pillars– Maeotis need not necessarily pass through the mouth of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Danube&groupId=654&placeId=1195">Danube</a>; hence the length of a perpendicular dropped from the Maeotis to the latitude of C. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Malea&groupId=730&placeId=1337">Malea</a> remains in doubt; (b) as seen above, the distance from Massalia to the Channel is more likely 10,000 stades (1,250 m.p.) than 9,200 stades (1,150 m.p.). Hence these distances warrant no firm conclusions about P.'s over-all figure of Europe.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">
<emph rend="bold">ad portum Morinorum:</emph>
probably Gesoriacum (Boulogne); cf. Pliny, iv. 106. But on the relevance of this to P.'s calculations see the last note.
</p>
34.15.2 - 34.15.2
<p rend="Plain Text">P.'s distances in Europe: see § 1 n. for the hypothesis that P. inscribed Europe within a triangle, and for its tenuous nature. For Pliny Gaditanum fretum means the Straits of Gibraltar, a normal Latin usage (cf. Pliny, Nat. hist iii. 3, 74; Florus, iii. 6; cf. Plut. Sert. 8. 1); P. always spoke of the Pillars (cf. iii. 37. 3, 39. 4, 39. 5, 57. 2, xvi. 29. 6–10). The distances in Roman miles have clearly been converted from P.'s stades on the 1:8 ratio (see table on p. 632).</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">
These figures cannot be reconciled with those in 4. 6, where P. gives the distance from C. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Malea&groupId=730&placeId=1337">Malea</a> to the Pillars as 22,500 stades (in reality c. 14,000 stades). Paton omits the half-mile in translating the
<milestone unit="page" n="631">[631]</milestone>
distances from the Pillars to Maeotis and from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Crete&groupId=505&placeId=949">Crete</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a>, thereby preventing any accurate reconversion into stades. On Seleuceia see v. 58. 4 n., 59. 3–11.
</p>
<table cols="5" rows="9">
<row>
<cell />
<cell />
<cell>m.p.</cell>
<cell />
<cell>stades</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>PillarsMaeotis</cell>
<cell />
<cell>3,437.5</cell>
<cell>=</cell>
<cell>27,500</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>PillarsSicily</cell>
<cell />
<cell>1,250</cell>
<cell>=</cell>
<cell>10,000</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>SicilyCrete</cell>
<cell />
<cell>375</cell>
<cell>=</cell>
<cell>3,000</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>CreteRhodes</cell>
<cell />
<cell>187.5</cell>
<cell>=</cell>
<cell>1,500</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>RhodesChelidonian Islands</cell>
<cell />
<cell>187.5</cell>
<cell>=</cell>
<cell>1,500</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>*Chelidonian IslandsCyprus</cell>
<cell />
<cell>225</cell>
<cell>=</cell>
<cell>1,800</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>CyprusSeleuceia <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pieria&groupId=902&placeId=1622">Pieria</a></cell>
<cell />
<cell>115</cell>
<cell>=</cell>
<cell>920</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell />
<cell>*Total</cell>
<cell>2,340</cell>
<cell>=</cell>
<cell>18,720</cell>
</row>
</table>
<p rend="Plain Text">* Jan–Mayhoff here read CCCXXV i.e. 325 m.p. in order to make a total of XXIV. XL. i.e. 2,440 m.p.</p>
34.15.3 - 34.15.3
<p rend="Plain Text">On the island of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a>. Pliny's figure of 25 m.p. ab ostio freti, the Straits of Gibraltar, is a serious under-estimate. From <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a> to Tarifa is c. 90 km. 25 m.p. probably represents 200 stades in P. For the dimensions of the island and distance from the mainland see 9. 5 n.</p>
34.15.4 - 34.15.4
<p rend="Plain Text">The Ausonian Sea. On the Ausones see 11. 7. The Ausonian Sea is a rather literary name for the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicilian Sea&groupId=972&placeId=1723">Sicilian Sea</a> (cf. i. 42. 4 n.); see Lyc. Alex. 44; Strabo, ii. 2. 20, C. 123, 5. 30, C. 128, v. 3. 6, C. 233, vii. 7. 5, C. 324; Pliny, Nat. hist. iii. 95, 151, xiv. 69; Hlsen, RE, 'Ausonium mare', cols. 2561–2. The Sallentini were a people of Illyrian origin inhabiting Calabria south of Tarentum; the Romans virtually identified them with Messapians. The Iapygian Promontory (Capo S. Maria di Luca) was sometimes named after them (11. 2 n.). See Philipp, RE, 'Sallentini (1)', cols. 1907–8.</p>
34.15.5 - 34.15.5
<p rend="Plain Text">Distance between the Bosphori. For the two Bosphori at opposite ends of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pontus&groupId=910&placeId=1634">Pontus</a> see iv. 39. 1 n. 500 m.p. is almost exactly the distance as measured on the map. The statement (in iv. 39. 1 n.) that it is exaggerated was unjust to P.'s accuracy here.</p>
34.15.6 - 34.15.6
<p rend="Plain Text">
Dimensions of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a>. Pliny is giving the length of the north coast from Gibraltar to the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Nile&groupId=794&placeId=449">Nile</a>; the Atlantic began at Gibraltar (xvi. 29. 6). For this distance P. evidently accepted Eratosthenes' figures (as he recommended doing for distances in Asia: 13. 1 n.); in iii. 39. 3 he gave the distance from the Pillars to the Altars of Philaenus as over 16,000 stades. Eratosthenes' figures are independently attested by Strabo, i. 4. 5, C. 64, who records that he made the distance from the Canobic mouth of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Nile&groupId=794&placeId=449">Nile</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> 13,500 stades (1,687.5 m.p. on the 1:8 ratio) and that from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> to the Pillars at least 8,000 stades (= at least 1,000 m.p., the figure here given as 1,100 m.p.). The Plinian manuscripts and editions give variants: for the distance from the Pillars to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> LXVI (F
<emph rend="superscript">2</emph>
) and XVI (veteres
<milestone unit="page" n="632">[632]</milestone>
before Harduin), and for <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a>–Canobic mouth of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Nile&groupId=794&placeId=449">Nile</a>, XV. XXVIII (E), XXVII (DFRa). Bttner-Wobst prints the last reading, i.e. 1,628 m.p.; but Strabo's figure = XVI. LXXXVIII is also in Martianus Capella, and is adopted by Jan–Mayhoff. They also read XXX. XXXX, i.e. 3,040 m.p. as Agrippa's distance for the whole coast; XXX. L, printed by Bttner-Wobst (i.e. 3,050 m.p.) from Jan's second edition, appears to have no manuscript authority. From the Pillars to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> is in fact c. 900 miles in a straight line, and from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> to the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Nile&groupId=794&placeId=449">Nile</a> coasting is c. 1,750 miles; the total c. 2,650 miles is equivalent to 2,840 m.p., which is very little more than P.'s figure of 2,688 m.p.
</p>
34.15.7 - 34.15.7
<p rend="Plain Text">Polybius' African voyage. This voyage, for which this passage affords the main evidence, probably took place in 146 after the fall of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a>; cf. iii. 57–59n., 59. 7 n. There was adequate time between the fall of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> and P.'s presence at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a> soon after its capture for a voyage of two or even three months (Walbank, Polybius, 11 n. 55, against Ziegler, RE, 'Polybios (1)', col. 1455). Many of the names mentioned in Pliny are common to the account of the famous voyage of Hanno (GGM, i. 1–11), and Aly (Hermes, 1927, 317–30) suggested that P. had that account translated into Greek for the occasion. This depends upon the assumption that Pliny in fact gives a record of P.'s voyage; on this see below. In any case Aly's suggestion that P. published his text of Hanno by including it in this book seems altogether unlikely.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">
How much of Pliny can be used to reconstruct P.'s voyage depends on the reading in his § 9: as printed in Bttner-Wobst, the text is insufficient for discussion and I therefore append the relevant section from Jan–Mayhoff: 'v. 9. Scipione Aemiliano res in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a> gerente Polybius annalium conditor, ab eo accepta classe scrutandi illius orbis gratia circumuectus, prodidit a monte eo ad occasum uersus saltus plenos feris, quas generat <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a>; ad flumen Anatim CCCLXXXXVI, ab eo Lixum CCV. Agrippa Lixum a Gaditano freto CXII abesse; inde sinum qui uocetur Sagigi, oppidum in promunturio Mulelacha, flumina Sububam et Salat, portum Rutubis a Lixo CCXXIIII, inde promunturium Solis, portum Rhysaddir, Gaetulos Autoteles, flumen Quosenum, gentes Selatitos et Masatos, flumen Masathat, flumen Darat, in quo crocodilos gigni. (10.) dein sinum DCXVI includi montis Bracae promunturio excurrente in occasum, quod appelletur Surrentium. postea flumen Salsum, ultra quod Aethiopas Perorsos, quorum a tergo Pharusios. his iungi in mediterraneo Gaetulos Daras, at in ora Aethiopas Daratitas, flumen Bambotum, crocodilis et hippopotamis refertum. ab eo montes perpetuos usque ad eum, quem Theon Ochema dicemus. inde ad promunturium Hesperu
<milestone unit="page" n="633">[633]</milestone>
nauigationem dierum ac noctium decem. in medio eo spatio Atlantem locauit, ceteris omnibus in extremis Mauretaniae proditum.' Jan–Mayhoff's text here depends on five manuscripts; of these A, the best, is late ninth century, and the rest, D, F, R, and E, eleventh century; D, F, and R form one group, and E represents another. In Pliny's § 9 the words Agrippa Lixum are omitted by D, R, E but are in A; in the second hand of F (twelfth century) Agrippa is found alone.
</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">
The authority of A, with some confirmation from F
<emph rend="superscript">2</emph>
, favours keeping Agrippa Lixum; and it is easier to assume that these words fell out in one branch of manuscripts than to imagine their wrongful introduction into A and the manuscript followed by F
<emph rend="superscript">2</emph>
. With them there is a strong possibility, indeed the natural sense of the Latin suggests, that everything from there to the end of Pliny's § 10 is Agrippa's account; and we learn nothing of P.'s voyage. Against this Pdech, REL, 1955, 321, objects that it would be odd for Pliny to introduce the reference to P.'s voyage so elaborately, if he only intended to quote him for two figures; and he suggests that by this introduction Pliny places P. at a point of importance between Hanno's expedition (Pliny, Nat. hist. v. 8) and Suetonius Paulinus (Pliny, Nat. hist. v. 14). This argument is not strong. Hanno receives a five-line mention, but nothing is quoted from him. On the other hand it is possible that the words 'Agrippa . . . abesse' are a parenthesis and that everything else is Polybian (so Thouvenot, REL, 1956, 89); and the forms Theon Ochema and Hesperu certainly point to a Greek source.
</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">
That Pliny's two paragraphs represent P.'s voyage of 146 is widely believed; cf. Aly, Hermes, 1927, 331–9; Pdech, REL, 1955, 318–32; Mthode, 560 n. 264; R. Thouvenot, REL, 1956, 88–92. But how his account is to be interpreted is not agreed. Pdech argues that the figures 112 m.p. (Pillars–Lixus), 224 m.p. (Lixus–Portus Rutubis) and 616 m.p. (Portus Rutubis–Surrentium) are all from P. since all are multiples of 56; that he assumes to be an arbitrary (and rather low) estimate of a day's voyage in milia passuum, for the purpose of calculating distances covered. Aly (Hermes, 1927, 337–8) follows Klotz in the view that all these figures appear to be translated from stades; but though all are divisible by eight, multiplying them by eight produces no significant round figure. Hence there seems no reason to accept Klotz's hypothesis. Nor is it clear why P. should have wished to calculate the journey in Roman miles, since stades were normal in sea voyages. On the other hand Pdech (REL, 1955, 326), having expelled the reference to Agrippa from the text, then somewhat illogically refuses to assign the figures 496 m.p. (Mt. Atlas– R. Anatis) and 205 m.p. (ab eo–to Lixus) to P. on the ground that the 1:8 conversion produces improbable results, viz. 3,968 and 1,640 stades
<milestone unit="page" n="634">[634]</milestone>
respectively. Yet, on the normal punctuation of the passage, these two figures seem to be most clearly taken from P. True, Detlefsen punctuates:'. . . quas generat <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a>. ad flumen Anatim CCCCLXXXXVI ab eo, Lixum CCV Agrippa, Lixum a Gaditano freto abesse'; but this is awkward and obscure and is to be rejected (cf. Pdech, REL, 1955, 321 n. 1, giving references).
</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">Pdech (loc. cit.) gives the following reconstruction: the first two distances are both reckoned from the Atlas Mountains, which in this case means the region east of Mekns and Ts around Djebel Bou Iblane, at the eastern end of the Middle Atlas (cf. Pliny, Nat. hist. v. 6). Both distances are calculated in a western direction overland, and bring one to the Anatis at Oued Tensift (which runs just north of Marrakech), and to Lixus at Larache, on the Loukkos c. 100 km. south of Tangier. Pdech suggested that Juba II of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mauretania&groupId=187&placeId=434">Mauretania</a> was Pliny's source for these figures, but later (Mthode, 560 n. 264) withdrew this hypothesis in response to Thouvenot's objection that Juba is unlikely to have controlled such an overland route. Pdech's interpretation of these two figures finds some support in Solinus,</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">24. 11: 'A Lixo abest [sc. Atlas] CCV; but that is not the natural sense of ab eo in Pliny, where it seems to refer to the Anatis.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">Having thus disposed of the first two figures, Pdech reconstructs P.'s voyage as follows:</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">i. 'Lixum a Gaditano freto CXII abesse'. Two days' journey, not from the Pillars (which are too near) but from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a> (confused with the fretum Gaditanum by Pliny or by his intermediary source, probably Varro) to Larache. On this identification of Lixus, known from the Antonine Itinerary, 7. 4 (Wess.) as Lix colonia (cf. Pliny, Nat. hist. v. 2–5) see Dessau, RE, 'Lix', cols. 928–9.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">896 stades = 112 m.p.: 2 days</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">ii. From Lixus via the gulf of Sagigi, Mulelacha, and the rivers Sububa and Salat to the harbour of Rutubis. The Sagigi is the shore south of Lixus, Mulelacha is Moulay Bouseldham (40 km. south of Larache), the Sububa is the Oued Sebou, the Salat the Oued Bou Regreg, and Rutubis is Mazagan (El-Jadida).</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">1,792 stades = 224 m.p.: 4 days</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">
iii. The cape of the Sun, the port of Rhysaddir, the Gaetuli Autoteles, the river Quosenus, the Selatiti and Masati, the river Masathat and the river Darat (with crocodiles). Pdech argues that the 616 m.p. mentioned next really applies to the whole distance from Mazagan to Cape Surrentium (despite dein) and he suggests these identifications:
<milestone unit="page" n="635">[635]</milestone>
<row>
<cell>Cape of the Sun</cell>
<cell />
<cell>Cape Cantin (Beddouza)</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>Rhysaddir</cell>
<cell />
<cell>Safi, orperhaps Mogador (Essaouira)</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>River Quosenus</cell>
<cell />
<cell>Oued Sous</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>River Masathat</cell>
<cell />
<cell>Oued Massa</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>River Darat</cell>
<cell />
<cell>Dra</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>Cape Surrentium</cell>
<cell />
<cell>Cape Juby.</cell>
</row>
</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">Pdech (REL, 1955, 329 n. 1) suggests that Surrentium may be an error for <w lang="el-GR">Ῥυσσάδιον</w> (Ptol. Geog. iv. 6. 2), a cape near the <w lang="el-GR">῾Εσπέριος κόλπος</w>, clearly Pliny's promunturium Hesperu.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">4,928 stades = 616 m.p.: 11 days</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">Beyond here P.'s only figure is of ten days' navigation between Theon Ochema and the Hesperian promontory Pdech, REL, 1955, 328–31, thinks that all beyond C. Juby was hearsay, and that for that reason P. did not convert days into stades. This is not entirely convincing, for it might seem less likely that P., with his desire for accuracy, would convert his own days of sailing, which he would know to have been of various lengths as a result of observed variety in winds and currents, into a uniform diurnal figure of 56 m.p. (which incidentally corresponds to no significant number of stades), than he would mere reported days of sailing, which could well be averaged. The Salsus, says Pdech, may be some wadi near C. Juby, and the Bambotus he identifies with the Sequiet el Hamra, which flows into the Atlantic near El Aain. Whether the names of the peoples mentioned in Pliny were in P. Pdech regards as uncertain (cf. REL, 1955, 330). Elsewhere the Theon Ochema follows the Hesperian Cape (a gulf in Hanno, GGM, i. 10): it may be the Fouta Djalon. On these calculations Pdech makes P.'s voyage last 17 days from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a> to C. Juby; adding 17 days for the return journey and 26 for the journey from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a> to the Pillars and back, he reckons the whole at about two months.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">
Thouvenot (REL, 1956, 88–92; cf. Hespris, 1948, 79–92) reckons the 496 m.p. along the coast from south-west to north-east; in order to reach the Anatis, which he takes to be the Oued Oum er Rbia, which has its mouth just north of Mazagan (El-Jadida), the starting-point has to be C. Juby, and reckoning from there southward he gets P. as far as the Senegal (Bambotus). But this reconstruction assumes extensive errors in the text. P. is unlikely to have gone so far. See Mauny, REA, 1955, 92–101, on the currents which hinder sailing between Gabon and C. Juby (cf. Pdech, Mthode, 560 n. 264); and for remains of hippopotami as far north as the River Dra see R. Henning, Terrae incognitae, i
<emph rend="superscript">2</emph>
(Leiden, 1944), 82, quoted by Pdech, loc. cit.
</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">
Many of Pdech's identifications seem plausible; but their attribution to P. remains unproved, as is his assumption that Pliny's
<milestone unit="page" n="636">[636]</milestone>
first two figures of 496 m.p. are non-Polybian and refer to overland measurements from the eastern part of Mt. Atlas. On the available evidence any interpretation of Pliny must be reckoned hypothetical. But if the geographical details in his §§ 9–10 are from P., they support Pdech's theory of a voyage as far as C. Juby rather than Thouvenot's theory that he reached the Senegal. If they are not from P., then we lack all information concerning the extent of the voyage.
</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">On the character of P.'s account of his voyage in book xxxiv see Pdech, REL, 1955, 332; on the basis of his assumption that Pliny's account quoted above refers to it, he suggests that it was conceived after the dry, factual, manner of the periploi, giving distances, names of places and peoples, and essential geographical details of the coast-line, rather than aiming at a picturesque narrative.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">Cichorius (Rh. Mus. 1908, 220) argued that Panaetius took part in P.'s voyage, a hypothesis accepted by Pdech, REL, 1955, 319 n. 3. It rests on a passage in the Index Stoicorum from Herculaneum (cf. van Straaten, fg. 1; Stoicorum index Herculanensis, § 56) referring to a voyage with Telephus' fleet (cf. xxix. 10. 4 n.) and to two years devoted <w lang="el-GR">πρὸς φιλομάθησιν</w> before Panaetius went to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athens&groupId=379&placeId=715">Athens</a>. But this passage is referring to events of Panaetius' early years (cf. Pohlenz, Antikes Fhrertum, 130–131 n. 3; Walbank, JRS, 1965, 1) and has nothing to do with 146. See further Pohlenz, RE, 'Panaitios'. cols. 422, 440.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">On P.'s voyage see the bibliography quoted in Pdech, REL, 1955, 319 n. 2; add Thouvenot, REL, 1956, 88–92; Pdech, Mthode, 560 n. 264; Thomson, 183–4; D. Musti, Aufstieg und Niedergang, i. 2. 1126.</p>
34.15.8 - 34.15.8
<p rend="Plain Text">The Lesser Syrtis, now the Gulf of Qabes. On its limits see xxxi. 21. 1 n. Pliny's figures represent 2,400 stades (from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Carthage&groupId=441&placeId=820">Carthage</a>), 2,400 stades (perimeter from end to end), and 800 stades (the 'mouth' cf. Strabo, xvii. 3. 17, C. 834, <w lang="el-GR">τὸ πλάτος τοῦ στόματος</w>or direct distance from end to end), i.e. 296 km., 296 km. and 150 km. P.'s figures are also in Mela, i. 35; but Strabo, loc. cit., makes the perimeter 1,600 stades and the mouth 600 stades (so too Eustathius and Agathemerus). Scylax, 110 (GGM, i. 88) gives the perimeter as 2,000 stades, and the separate stages in Stad. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Mar&groupId=184&placeId=431">Mar</a>. M. 100 f. (GGM, i. 464 f.) add up to 3,040 stades, including the periplus of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Meninx&groupId=754&placeId=1374">Meninx</a>, or 2,690 stades excluding that. P.'s distances cannot be checked, since it is uncertain from what points he is reckoning. See Treidler, RE, 'Syrtis', cols. 1813–14 for a tabular summary. For the shoals hereabouts cf. i. 39. 3 n.</p>
34.15.9 - 34.15.9
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Position of Cerne. The famous island of Cerne is mentioned in Hanno's Periplus (GGM, i. 7) and Scylax, 112 (GGM, i. 93). The former locates it three days' sail beyond Lixus (Mller emends to 13 days), the latter in the neighbourhood of Lixus (Larache; cf. § 7 n, p. 635).
<milestone unit="page" n="637">[637]</milestone>
Hanno, loc. cit. gave its circumference as 5 stades (which Aly, Hermes, 1927, 337, takes to be an error for 15 stades). According to Pliny, Nat. hist. vi. 199 (continuing the present passage), Nepos made its circuit 2 m.p. and its distance from the coast mille passus (which could be a translation of P.'s eight stades). The island is mentioned by Ptol. Geog. iv. 6. 14 and by Dion. Perieg. 219 (GGM, ii. 114); but there is great disagreement about where it lay, or indeed whether it was an island at all. See Strabo, i. 3. 2, C. 47 (criticizing Eratosthenes for believing in Cerne at all); Diod. iii. 54. 4; Palaephatus, 31; Lyc. Alex. 18, for later, mainly vague and valueless references. Cerne has been located on an island lying off the mouth of the Sequiet el Hamra; cf. Fischer, RE, '<w lang="el-GR">Κέρνη νῆσος</w>', cols. 315–16. But to P. it lies off the coast, where the Atlas reaches it; consequently the most likely identification of P.'s Cerne is with one of the island off Mogador (Essaouira), where the High Atlas reaches the Atlantic (cf. Mauny, Hespris, 1949, 47–67; Pdech, REL, 1955, 322). For the unlikely view that it was Fuerte Ventura in the Canaries see Thouvenot, Hespris, 1948, 79–92 (against Carcopino, Le Maroc antique (Paris, 1944), 159–60, who thinks P. was merely copying Hanno). Whether P. reached Cerne himself is not certain (see § 7 n.), but it seems likely. Paton has 'eight miles' in error for 'eight stades'.
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Walbank Commentary