<p rend="Plain Text">It has been clear since Schweighaeuser (viii. 1. 105–7) that P. devoted book xxxiv to a study of geography. Such a book is foreshadowed in iii. 37. 11 (where P. promises to speak later about the barbarians who live beside the Atlantic shores of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>), in iii. 57. 5 (where he reserves discussion of the areas outside the Pillars of Heracles, the Atlantic, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Britain&groupId=409&placeId=759">Britain</a> and its tin mines, and gold and silver mining in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> for a later treatment), and in iii. 59. 6 (where he repeats this undertaking and mentions his own voyages in the outer Ocean). Strabo (viii. 1. 1, C. 322 = 1. 1–2 below) confirms this by his remark that both Ephorus and P. included, within their general histories, a separate account of <w lang="el-GR">τὴν τῶν ἠπείρων τοπογραφίαν</w>. Four passages from later writers specifically attribute geographical information to book xxxiv (Athen. vii. 302 c = 8. 1–2; Athen. viii. 330 c ff. = 8. 4–10; Athen. viii. 332 A ff. = 10. 1–4; Steph. Byz. s.v. <w lang="el-GR">Αἰθάλη</w> = 11.4) and an excerpt from de uirt. et uit. (6. 15), which in the Peirescianus is closely attached to xxxiii. 6. 9 (see p. 43), can be shown by its context to form part of P.'s polemic against Eratosthenes (5. 10).</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">
Several reasons can be suggested for P.'s decision to include such a book in the Histories; but why he introduced it at this point is less certain. There was a long-established tradition for treating geographical material in history (cf. Walbank, Class. et med. 1948, 155–82; Polybius, 115–16; Pdech, Mthode, 515) and this for P., if not always for his predecessors, formed a serious element in the didactic purpose of his work (cf. iii. 57. 6–9). P. also chose to concentrate much of his geographical comment into one book for the same reason that he concentrated much of his criticism of previous historians into one book (xii), viz. to avoid constant interruptions of his narrative elsewhere and to enable him to adopt a more systematic treatment (iii. 57. 4–5). As regards the position of book xxxiv, which stands in the Histories between Ol. 156, 4 = 153/2 and Ol. 157, 1 = 152/1, A. Schulten, Hermes, 1911, 568–607, was of the opinion that it was intended to furnish a geographical introduction to the Celtiberian War; but that war, which was to be the occasion for P.'s journey to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> (see Vol. I, pp. 4–5) had already broken out in 154/3, and its beginnings had been described in book xxxiii (see pp. 43–44, for the argument that xxxv. 1. 1–6 refers to 154/3 and should therefore stand after xxxiii. 15. 4). Ziegler, RE, 'Polybios (1)', cols. 1484–5, suggested therefore that P. may have regarded the Spanish war as really beginning with Scipio's arrival in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>.
<milestone unit="page" n="563">[563]</milestone>
Phrased thus, his theory is implausible; on the other hand P. may well have selected the year 152 to insert his geographical book because succeeding events now began to impinge on his own life, and because this was the time of <w lang="el-GR">ταραχὴ καὶ κίνησις</w>, which he was to describe 'as if starting on a new work' (iii. 4. 13). The years 152–146 contained not only his journey to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a>, but also the Third Punic War, in which he was personally involved (iii. 4. 12–13 n.; Walbank, Polybius, 29–30, 173–4). Unfortunately books xxxiii and xxxv, where almost certainly he gave his reasons for including his geographical excursus at this point, are very fragmentary; we cannot therefore ascertain with certainty what they were (Ziegler, RE, 'Polybius (1)', col. 1485). But if the above hypothesis is correct, book xxxiv would seem to have been designed to separate the years 152– 146, with their <w lang="el-GR">ταραχὴ καὶ κίνησις</w> (and personal involvement) from the main narrative of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>'s rise to world power, including the extension mentioned in iii. 4. 4–12, just as book vi separated the years down to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cannae&groupId=430&placeId=797">Cannae</a> and the Peace of Naupactus from the central period when the events of the oecumene became intertwined (cf. Walbank, Polybius, 29 n. 149; Yale Stud. 1975, 197–212; Actes IX
<emph rend="superscript">e</emph>
Congrs Bud, i. 202–10).
</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">P.'s interest in geography became greater as a result of his own journeys (see especially Pdech, Mthode, 514–97; cf. Walbank, Polybius, 114–28). This growing interest led to the insertion of several later geographical passages in earlier books. Pdech, Mthode, 572, suggests this list (of which some passages could in fact belong to the original draft):</p>
<table cols="3" rows="12">
<row>
<cell>i.</cell>
<cell>41. 7–42. 6:</cell>
<cell>the form of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a></cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>ii.</cell>
<cell>14. 3–17. 12:</cell>
<cell><a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> and Cisalpine <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a></cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>iii.</cell>
<cell>36–39:</cell>
<cell>on method</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>iii.</cell>
<cell>47. 2–4:</cell>
<cell>on the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhone&groupId=933&placeId=1667">Rhone</a></cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>iii.</cell>
<cell>57–59:</cell>
<cell>on method</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>iv.</cell>
<cell>39–42:</cell>
<cell>on the Euxine, oceanographical study</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>v.</cell>
<cell>21. 3–22. 4:</cell>
<cell>methodology, description of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a></cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>v.</cell>
<cell>44. 3–11(?):</cell>
<cell><a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Media&groupId=742&placeId=1354">Media</a></cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>v.</cell>
<cell>59. 3–11:</cell>
<cell>Seleuceia–in–<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pieria&groupId=902&placeId=1622">Pieria</a></cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>x.</cell>
<cell>10–11:</cell>
<cell><a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a> (but cf. x. 9. 8–10. 13 n.)</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>x.</cell>
<cell>27. 4–11 (?):</cell>
<cell><a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ecbatana&groupId=551&placeId=1033">Ecbatana</a></cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>x.</cell>
<cell>48 (?):</cell>
<cell>the Oxus</cell>
</row>
</table>
<p rend="Plain Text">
(but against Pdech's view that P.'s new interests in geography were at the expense of history see Walbank, Polybius, 117). This growing interest culminates in book xxxiv. Unfortunately, apart from 6. 15 (p. 563)and possibly xxxiii. 21 (pp. 42–43)no genuine fragment survives from this book. The passages printed as part of it since Schweighaeuser are really testimonia from later writers, recording
<milestone unit="page" n="564">[564]</milestone>
P.'s views (in places echoing his words) and often engaging in polemic against them. The point at which it has been decided to break off these passages has often been chosen illogically, and later editors have been content to follow Schweighaeuser's precedent; the following passages should be extended to give a proper representation of P.'s views or to complete the argument:
</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">2. 4–4. 8 = Strabo, i. 2. 15–18, C. 23–25; should continue to the end of Strabo, i. 2. 18, C. 26 . . . <w lang="el-GR">μηδ᾽ ὠφελείας ἱστορικῆς</w> (cf. Pdech, LEC, 1956, 18).</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">5. 1–6. 14 = Strabo, ii. 4. 1–3, C. 104–5; should continue to link up with 7. 1, i.e. Strabo, ii. 4. 3, C. 105–6, in order to include the whole of Strabo's relevant comments.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">7. 11–14 = Strabo, ii. 4. 8, C. 108; should continue to the end of the chapter into C. 109, to include a reference to P.'s division of Europe into six parts and his <w lang="el-GR">περιοδεία</w> of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a>.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">9. 3 = Strabo, iii. 2. 15, C. 151; one should perhaps add the words <w lang="el-GR">ἀλλ᾽ ἐκείνοις . . . ζῶσιν</w>, to complete the argument.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">11. 4 = Steph. Byz. s.v. <w lang="el-GR">Αἰ?θάλη</w>; should perhaps be extended to include the words <w lang="el-GR">ἀφ᾽ ἧς . . . εὑρόντων</w>.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">15. 7 = Nat. hist. v. 9–10; should be continued to the paragraph end, '. . . in extremis Mauretaniae proditum'.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">In addition, several relevant passages have been omitted from the editions of P.; these are:\</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">Strabo, iii. 2. 8, C. 146, on the mines of the Turdetani (cf. Pdech, LEC, 1956, 17).</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">Strabo, iv. 6. 2, C. 202 (quoted in xxxiii. 9. 8 n.), listing the Ligurian tribes (cf. Pdech, LEC, 1956, 19); but this passage need not necessarily derive from book xxxiv.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">Strabo, v. 1. 8, C. 214, on the temple of Diomedes and the</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">springs of the river Timavus, mentioning P.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">Further, much of Strabo iii appears to derive from book xxxiv of P. (see Schulten, Hermes, 1911, 596–8; Pdech, Mthode, 579 n. 362; below, p. 599). Finally, fgs. 163 and 179, both from Suidas, may be from book xxxiv; and xxv. 1 (from Strabo, iii. 4. 13, C. 163) and xxxiii. 21. 1–2 may also be from this book.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">RECONSTRUCTION OF XXXIV</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">
(a) Introduction. The present arrangement of fragments derives in substance from Schweighaeuser (though he printed the Latin passages separately in a spicilegium to book xxxiv in vol. v, 45–48), and the only reasoned discussion and attempt to reconstruct the book is that of Pdech, LEC, 1956, 3–24, supplemented and in places
<milestone unit="page" n="565">[565]</milestone>
modified in Mthode, 515–97. Strabo records three facts relevant to such a reconstruction. Strabo, viii. 1. 1, C. 322 (see P. 563) mentions Ephorus and P. as historians who have described <w lang="el-GR">τὴν τῶν ἠπείρων τοπογραφίαν</w> separately, within a general history; Strabo, ii. 4. 1, C. 104, says that P., <w lang="el-GR">τὴν Εὐρώπην χωρογραφῶν</w>, makes certain criticisms of his predecessors (cf. 5. 1); and Strabo, ii. 4. 8, C. 109, asserts that P. has made serious mistakes about Europe and <w lang="el-GR">ἐν τῇ τῆς Λιβύης περιοδείᾳ</w>. Pdech, LEC, 1956, 5–7, argues convincingly that 'the <w lang="el-GR">τοπογραφία</w> of the continents' must be something more than the discussion of the western parts of the oecumene promised in iii. 37. 11 and 57. 5, a view reinforced by the fact that Ephorus' geographical books (iv and v), though Jacoby (FGH, ii c, 25) describes them as being devoted essentially to political geography, clearly contained a comprehensive picture of the world (cf. FGH, 70 F 30).
</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">P.'s <w lang="el-GR">τοπογραφία</w> probably formed the introductory section of xxxiv. A substantial part of it was evidently devoted to discussing terrestrial zones, and this implies a distinction between <w lang="el-GR">γῆ</w> and <w lang="el-GR">οἰκουμένη</w>, the earth and its inhabited part, which P. makes elsewhere (cf. iii. 37. 1). Historically, the question of the extent of the oecumene to the south and whether the area near the equator was habitable had always been discussed in relation to the zones (see 1. 1–18 n.); and in raising it P. adduces both theoretical arguments and explorers' reports. The former are sketched in 1. 9–13, the latter implied in 1. 16–17. Pdech (LEC, 1956, 7–12) argues that the section dealing with habitability must logically follow that establishing the terrestrial zones, and he therefore proposes to rearrange the passages in ch. 1 as follows: 1. 1–6, general comments; 1. 14–15, 18, terrestrial zones; 1. 7–13, 16–17, the habitability of the equatorial region. But since we cannot reconstruct the form P.'s argument took, it is not legitimate to assume that he must have discussed the topics in the order Pdech lays down. The argument about the habitability of the equatorial area may equally well have formed an integral part of that defining the zones, as it does in Strabo, ii. 2. 2–3. 3, C. 94–98, criticizing Poseidonius. Consequently, although in view of the account of P.'s argument given in 1. 8, it seems likely that 1. 16–17 is rightly placed after 1. 9–13, the reasons Pdech gives for advancing 1. 14–15 and 1. 18 to precede the passages concerned with the habitability of the equatorial region are not decisive. True, it would be slightly more logical to print 1. 18 immediately after 1. 15; but as none of these passages constitutes a genuine fragment, their order is not perhaps very material. (On the problem of whether the title mentioned in 1. 7. is that of a separate work or merely refers to part of book xxxiv see ad loc.)</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">
(b) Description (chorographia) of Europe. On the meaning of
<milestone unit="page" n="566">[566]</milestone>
<w lang="el-GR">χωρογραφία</w> see 5. 1 n.; there (= Strabo, ii. 4. 1, C. 104) it is a geographical account of a region from both cartographical and descriptive aspects. P.'s 'chorography' of Europe probably contained, first a general sketch of the peninsulas and seas, with distances between salient points, followed by a more detailed description of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a> in that orderwhich was traditional in dealing with the continents, beginning at the Pillars of Heracles and working round the Mediterranean in a clockwise direction. This Scheme is found in Hecataeus, Ephorus, Ps.-Scymnus, and Strabo (cf. Jacoby on FGH, 70 F 30–53 in FGH, ii c, pp. 48–49) and is therefore the more likely to have been adopted by P. (cf. Pdech, LEC, 1956, 7).
</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">The following passages belong to the introduction to this section: 5. 1–7. 14 (from Strabo, except 6. 15, which is an excerpt from de uirt. et uit.: cf. p. 563), extended to include more of the argument (cf. p. 565 and notes ad locc.); perhaps 10. 6–7 (see ad loc.); several extracts from Strabo (11. 2, 11. 3, 11. 8, 11. 9–11, 12. 1–2, 12. 2a–8, 12. 9–10, 12. 11, 12. 12) giving distances; four passages from Pliny, also giving distances (15. 1, 15. 2, 15. 4, 15. 5); and perhaps Strabo, iv. 6. 2, C. 202 (cf. p. 565). The passages referring to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> are 8. 1– 9. 15, perhaps 10. 6–7 (polemic against Pytheas; see ad loc.), 15. 3; Strabo, iii. 2. 8, C. 146 (on the mines of the Turdetani); and perhaps xxv. 1 on the towns of the Celtiberians (see pp. 20–21). But the Polybian material in 8. 1–2 (on the 'sea-oak' and the tunny that eats its 'acorns') is more fully represented in Strabo, iii. 2. 7, C. 145, <w lang="el-GR">πολὺς δὲ καὶ ὁ θύννος . . . καὶ τῶν θύννων εἶναι</w> (a passage which includes 8. 3); see notes ad locc. Furthermore, 9. 14–15 could be from the res Hispaniae of book xxxviii or xxxix (see ad loc.).</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">P.'s discussion involved polemic against Dicaearchus, Eratosthenes, and Pytheas (cf. 5. 1–2), and he referred incidentally to other writers such as Theopompus (12. 1–2); but in particular it led him into the argument about Homeric geography and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Odysseus&groupId=801&placeId=1446">Odysseus</a>' wanderings, which he believes really took place (in contrast to Eratosthenes' scepticism), and that within the Mediterranean, and not in the outer ocean, as argued by Crates of Mallus. Pdech (LEC, 1956, 17–18) argues forcefully for making that discussion (2. 1–4. 8, extended, 11. 12–20) follow P.'s account of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>. For the relevance of P.'s remarks on the migration of the tunny from the ocean into the Mediterranean, and the connection between them and the myth of Scylla see 2. 12 n., 8. 1–3 nn.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">
After his account of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> and his discussion of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Odysseus&groupId=801&placeId=1446">Odysseus</a>' wanderings P. will have described <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a> (10. 1–5, 10. 8–21 and Strabo v. 1. 8, C. 214, on the Timavus; 10. 6–7 comes earlier, since it formed part of the polemic against Pytheas, which was introduced in connection with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> and the outer ocean). Editors from Schweighaeuser onwards have next printed two sections of fragments dealing with
<milestone unit="page" n="567">[567]</milestone>
<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> (11. 1–20) and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thrace&groupId=1030&placeId=509">Thrace</a>, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, and Greece (12. 1–12). 11. 4 (see note) presents a special problem; but if, as seems likely, 11. 1 (on Capuan vines) and 11. 5–7 (on the Opici and Ausones who lived in Campania) are from a narrative part of the Histories (see notes ad locc.), and 11. 12–20 forms part of the discussion of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Odysseus&groupId=801&placeId=1446">Odysseus</a>' wanderings, Pdech (LEC, 1956, 12) has a good case for assuming that book xxxiv contained no detailed description of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> and Greece, since all the other excerpts dealing with those areas are concerned with distances and so are likely to be from the general description of Europe (p. 567).
</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">(c) Asia and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Egypt&groupId=556&placeId=368">Egypt</a>. The only fragment relating to Asia is 13, which refers the reader to Eratosthenes for information about the regions between the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Euphrates&groupId=138&placeId=377">Euphrates</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=India&groupId=648&placeId=1187">India</a> (Strabo, xiv. 2. 29, C. 663). Strabo remarks that Artemidorus follows Eratosthenes, but says nothing of P.'s doing the same, which is against the view of Schmidt, 23–24, that he also gave the same figures. It seems likely, therefore, that P. did not deal with Asia in this book (cf. Pdech, LEC, 1956, 20–21); certainly neither Strabo nor Pliny quotes him on this part of the world. Pdech, Mthode, 573 n. 323, is also to be followed in his attribution of 14. 1–8, on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Alexandria&groupId=1063&placeId=1868">Alexandria</a>, to one of the narrative books. It could be from a passage concerned with the revolt of Petosarapis in the early 160's (cf. xxxi. 2. 14 n.); Schweighaeuser, ad loc., hazards a guess that it connects with xxxix. 7, but it is hardly relevant to an obituary notice on Ptolemy VI.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">(d) <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a>. Only Latin fragments from Pliny survive from the <w lang="el-GR">περιοδεία</w> of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a> (Strabo, ii. 4. 1, C. 104). As for Europe, a cartographical account of the shape and distances seems to have preceded the periegetic description, which was obviously based on P.'s own experiences and his famous voyage (15. 7 n.). 15. 6, 15. 8, and the remaining extracts from chs. 15 and 16 refer to that description of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a> which 'formait sans doute le couronnement et le morceau de bravoure de ce livre xxxiv' (Pdech, LEC, 1956, 22). The one exception is 16. 3, a mention of the medicinal value of sponges (from Pliny, Nat. hist. xxxi. 131), which must be taken from another Polybius, since Pliny includes him among his Latin sources for that book (D. Detlefsen, Kurze Notizen ber einige Quellenschriftsteller des Plinius (Progr. Glckstadt, 1881), 4, identifies this medical writer with Claudius' freedman, C. Iulius Polybius, but there is no certainty; see R. Hanslik, RE, 'Polybios (5)', col. 1580).</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">The assignment of fragments will be as follows:</p>
<table cols="3" rows="2">
<row>
<cell>General introduction</cell>
<cell>1. 1–16.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell />
<cell>Discussion of the theory of terrestrial zones and the habitability of the equatorial region.</cell>
<cell>1.7–18 (with 1. 18 standing preferably after 1. 15).</cell>
</row>
<milestone unit="page" n="568">[568]</milestone>
<row>
<cell>A.</cell>
<cell>Chorographia of Europe.</cell>
<cell />
</row>
<row>
<cell />
<cell>1.General configuration of Europe, with criticism of previous writers.</cell>
<cell>5–6 (extended), 7 (extended), perhaps 10. 6–7, 11. 2–3, 11. 811, 12. 1–12, 15. 1–2, 15. 4–5; perhaps Strabo iv. 6. 2, C. 202.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell />
<cell>2.Description of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a>.</cell>
<cell>8. 1–9. 15 (but Strabo, iii. 2.7, C. 145 is a fuller version of 8. 1–3), perhaps 10. 6–7, 15. 3, perhaps xxv. 1; Strabo iii. 2. 8, C. 146.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell />
<cell>3.Geography of Homer.</cell>
<cell>2–4 (extended), 11. 12–20.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell />
<cell>4.Description of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gaul&groupId=598&placeId=1108">Gaul</a>.</cell>
<cell>10. 1–5, 10. 8–21; Strabo v. 1. 8, C. 214.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>B.</cell>
<cell>Asia passed over.</cell>
<cell>13.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell>C.</cell>
<cell>Periodeia of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a>.</cell>
<cell />
</row>
<row>
<cell />
<cell>1. General configuration.</cell>
<cell>15. 6, 15. 8.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell />
<cell>2. Description based on periegesis.</cell>
<cell>16. 1–2, 15. 7, 15. 9.</cell>
</row>
</table>
<p rend="Plain Text" />
<p rend="Plain Text">These passages have probably no place in book xxxiv:</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">11. 1, 11. 5–7 (?), 14. 1–8, 16. 3 (not by P.)</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">If xxxiii. 21 belongs in xxxiv, its position cannot be determined.</p>
<p rend="Plain Text">On 11. 4, omitted from the above table, see the note ad loc.</p>
Walbank Commentary