Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 31 - Chapter 28

<w lemma="%2Ameta%5C">Μετὰ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fth">ἔτη</w> <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="metalla%2Fcantos">μεταλλάξαντος</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="fu%2Fsin">φύσιν</w> <w lemma="patro%5Cs">πατρὸς</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Aleuki%2Fou">Λευκίου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="katalipo%2Fntos">καταλιπόντος</w> <w lemma="klhrono%2Fmous">κληρονόμους</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ou%29si%2Fas">οὐσίας</w> <w lemma="au%29to%2Fn">αὐτόν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29delfo%5Cn">ἀδελφὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Afa%2Fbion">Φάβιον</w>, <w lemma="kalo%2Fn">καλόν</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mnh%2Fmhs">μνήμης</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fcion">ἄξιον</w> <w lemma="e%29poi%2Fhsen">ἐποίησεν</w>.

<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="%2Aleu%2Fkios">Λεύκιος</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxwn">ὑπάρχων</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fteknos">ἄτεκνος</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="e%28te%2Fras">ἑτέρας</w> <w lemma="oi%29ki%2Fas">οἰκίας</w> <w lemma="e%29kdedo%2Fsqai">ἐκδεδόσθαι</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllous">ἄλλους</w> <w lemma="ui%28ou%2Fs">υἱούς</w>, <w lemma="ou%28%5Cs">οὓς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftrefe">ἔτρεφε</w> <w lemma="diado%2Fxous">διαδόχους</w> [<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w>] <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fnous">γένους</w>, <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="methllaxe%2Fnai">μετηλλαχέναι</w>, <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Flipe">ἀπέλιπε</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ou%29si%2Fan">οὐσίαν</w>.

<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Askipi%2Fwn">Σκιπίων</w> <w lemma="qewrw%3Dn">θεωρῶν</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%3D">αὑτοῦ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29delfo%5Cn">ἀδελφὸν</w> <w lemma="katadee%2Fsteron">καταδεέστερον</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fnta">ὄντα</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxousin">ὑπάρχουσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29cexw%2Frhse">ἐξεχώρησε</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntwn">πάντων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28parxo%2Fntwn">ὑπαρχόντων</w>, <w lemma="ou%29%2Fshs">οὔσης</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flhs">ὅλης</w> <w lemma="timh%2Fsews">τιμήσεως</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%2Fkonta">ἑξήκοντα</w> <w lemma="ta%2Flanta">τάλαντα</w>, <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fllein">μέλλειν</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Fson">ἴσον</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxein">ὑπάρχειν</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ou%29si%2Fan">οὐσίαν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Afa%2Fbion">Φάβιον</w>.

<w lemma="genome%2Fnou">γενομένου</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="periboh%2Ftou">περιβοήτου</w>, <w lemma="prose%2Fqhken">προσέθηκεν</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fteron">ἕτερον</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftw%7C">τούτῳ</w> <w lemma="dei%3Dgma">δεῖγμα</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%3D">αὑτοῦ</w> <w lemma="proaire%2Fsews">προαιρέσεως</w> <w lemma="e%29mfane%2Fsteron:">ἐμφανέστερον·</w>

<w lemma="boulome%2Fnou">βουλομένου</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ta%29delfou%3D">τἀδελφοῦ</w> <w lemma="monomaxi%2Fas">μονομαχίας</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="patri%5C">πατρὶ</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dn">ποιεῖν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="duname%2Fnou">δυναμένου</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="de%2Fcasqai">δέξασθαι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="dapa%2Fnhn">δαπάνην</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29naliskome%2Fnwn">ἀναλισκομένων</w> <w lemma="xrhma%2Ftwn">χρημάτων</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="h%28mi%2Fseian">ἡμίσειαν</w> <w lemma="ei%29sh%2Fnegken">εἰσήνεγκεν</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Askipi%2Fwn">Σκιπίων</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fas">ἰδίας</w> <w lemma="ou%29si%2Fas">οὐσίας</w>.

<w lemma="e%29%2Fsti">ἔστι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29la%2Fttwn">ἐλάττων</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fmpasa">σύμπασα</w> <w lemma="tria%2Fkonta">τριάκοντα</w> <w lemma="tala%2Fntwn">ταλάντων</w>, <w lemma="e%29a%2Fn">ἐάν</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="megalomerw%3Ds">μεγαλομερῶς</w> <w lemma="poih%3D%7C">ποιῇ</w>.

?<w lemma=""></w>* <w lemma="fh%2Fmhs">φήμης</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="diadidome%2Fnhs">διαδιδομένης</w>, <w lemma="meth%2Fllacen">μετήλλαξεν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="mh%2Fthr">μήτηρ</w>.

<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tosou%3Dton">τοσοῦτον</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fsxe">ἀπέσχε</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="komi%2Fsasqai%2F">κομίσασθαί</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="e%29dwrh%2Fsato">ἐδωρήσατο</w>, <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="a%29rti%2Fws">ἀρτίως</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dpon">εἶπον</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="loiph%5Cn">λοιπὴν</w> <w lemma="ou%29si%2Fan">οὐσίαν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="mhtro%5Cs">μητρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fpasan">ἅπασαν</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fdwke">ἀπέδωκε</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29delfai%3Ds">ἀδελφαῖς</w>, <w lemma="h%28%3Ds">ἧς</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="au%29tai%3Ds">αὐταῖς</w> <w lemma="prosh%3Dke">προσῆκε</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="no%2Fmous">νόμους</w>.

<w lemma="dio%5C">διὸ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29delfw%3Dn">ἀδελφῶν</w> <w lemma="paralabousw%3Dn">παραλαβουσῶν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29co%2Fdois">ἐξόδοις</w> <w lemma="ko%2Fsmon">κόσμον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="peri%2Fstasin">περίστασιν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29mili%2Fas">Αἰμιλίας</w>, <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="e%29kainopoih%2Fqh">ἐκαινοποιήθη</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="megalo%2Fyuxon">μεγαλόψυχον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="filoi%2Fkeion">φιλοίκειον</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Askipi%2Fwnos">Σκιπίωνος</w> <w lemma="proaire%2Fsews">προαιρέσεως</w>.

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Atau%3Dta">Ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="prokateskeuasme%2Fnos">προκατεσκευασμένος</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="prw%2Fths">πρώτης</w> <w lemma="h%28liki%2Fas">ἡλικίας</w> <w lemma="%2Apo%2Fplios">Πόπλιος</w> <w lemma="%2Askipi%2Fwn">Σκιπίων</w> <w lemma="proh%3Dlqe">προῆλθε</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="filodocei%3Dn">φιλοδοξεῖν</w> <w lemma="swfrosu%2Fnh%7C">σωφροσύνῃ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kaloka%29gaqi%2Fa%7C">καλοκἀγαθίᾳ</w>.

<w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="h%28%5Cn">ἣν</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Fsws">ἴσως</w> <w lemma="e%28ch%2Fkonta">ἑξήκοντα</w> <w lemma="ta%2Flanta">τάλαντα</w> <w lemma="dapanh%2Fsas">δαπανήσας</w>, <w lemma="tosau%3Dta">τοσαῦτα</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="proeime%2Fnos">προειμένος</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fwn">ἰδίων</w>, <w lemma="o%28mologoume%2Fnhn">ὁμολογουμένην</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fsxe">ἔσχε</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="kaloka%29gaqi%2Fa%7C">καλοκἀγαθίᾳ</w> <w lemma="fh%2Fmhn">φήμην</w>, <w lemma="ou%29x">οὐχ</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftw">οὕτω</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="plh%2Fqei">πλήθει</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="xrhma%2Ftwn">χρημάτων</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="prokei%2Fmenon">προκείμενον</w> <w lemma="katergasa%2Fmenos">κατεργασάμενος</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="kairw%3D%7C">καιρῷ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="do%2Fsews">δόσεως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="xeirismw%3D%7C">χειρισμῷ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="xa%2Fritos">χάριτος</w>.

<w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="swfrosu%2Fnhn">σωφροσύνην</w> <w lemma="periepoih%2Fsato">περιεποιήσατο</w> <w lemma="dapanh%2Fsas">δαπανήσας</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%2Fn">οὐδέν</w>, <w lemma="pollw%3Dn">πολλῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="poiki%2Flwn">ποικίλων</w> <w lemma="h%28donw%3Dn">ἡδονῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29posxo%2Fmenos">ἀποσχόμενος</w> <w lemma="proseke%2Frdane">προσεκέρδανε</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="swmatikh%5Cn">σωματικὴν</w> <w lemma="u%28gi%2Feian">ὑγίειαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="eu%29eci%2Fan">εὐεξίαν</w>,

<w lemma="h%28%2Ftis">ἥτις</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flon">ὅλον</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="bi%2Fon">βίον</w> <w lemma="parepome%2Fnh">παρεπομένη</w> <w lemma="polla%5Cs">πολλὰς</w> <w lemma="h%28dona%5Cs">ἡδονὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kala%5Cs">καλὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29moiba%5Cs">ἀμοιβὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fdwken">ἀπέδωκεν</w> <w lemma="a%29nq%27">ἀνθ᾽</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fsxeto">ἀπέσχετο</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="proxei%2Frwn">προχείρων</w> <w lemma="h%28donw%3Dn">ἡδονῶν</w>.

Two years later, when his own father Aemilius died, and left him and his brother Fabius heirs to his estate, he again acted in a noble manner deserving of mention.

Aemilius was childless, as he had given some of his sons to be adopted by other families and those whom he had kept to succeed him were dead, and he therefore left his property to Scipio and Fabius.

Scipio, knowing that his brother was by no means well off, gave up the whole inheritance, which was estimated at more than sixty talents, to him in order that Fabius might thus possess a fortune equal to his own.

This became widely known, and he now gave an even more conspicuous proof of his generosity.

His brother wished to give a gladiatorial show on the occasion of his father's funeral, but was unable to meet the expense, which was very considerable, and Scipio contributed the half of it out of his own fortune.

The total expense of such a show amounts to not less than thirty talents if it is done on a generous scale.

While the report of this was still fresh, his mother died,

and Scipio, far from taking back any of the gifts I mentioned above, gave the whole of it and the residue of his mother's property to his sisters, who had no legal claim to it.

So that again when his sisters had thus come into the processional furniture and all the establishment of Aemilia, the fame of Scipio for magnanimity and family affection was again revived.

Having thus from his earliest years laid the foundations of it, Publius Scipio advanced in his pursuit of this reputation for temperance and nobility of character.

By the expenditure of perhaps sixty talents — for that was what he had bestowed from his own property — his reputation for the second of these virtues was firmly established, and he did not attain his purpose so much by the largeness of the sums he gave as by the seasonableness of the gift and the gracious manner in which he conferred it.

His reputation for temperance cost him nothing, but by abstaining from many and varied pleasures he gained in addition that bodily health and vigour which he enjoyed for the whole of his life,

and which by the many pleasures of which it was the cause amply rewarded him for his former abstention from common pleasures.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

31.22.1 - 31.30.4

On Aemilius Paullus and Scipio Aemilianus This long digression (cf. 30. 4) from exc. de uirt. et uit. and de sent. (25. 5) belongs to res Italiae of Ol. 154, 4 = 161/0, and was probably introduced in connection with Aemilius Paullus' death (in 160); see pp. 36–37. It is likely to have been written after Scipio's death in 129 <milestone unit="page" n="492">[492]</milestone> (cf. xviii. 35 n.) and inserted in this book at this convenient point. xviii. 36. 1, which foreshadows it, will also be a later insertion (cf. xviii. 35 n.); see 22. 4 n. On the contents see Diod. xxxi. 26. 1–27. 8. On the several problems of inheritance raised here see G. Boyer, RIDA, 1950 ( = Mlanges de Visscher, iii), 171–87, 'Le droit successoral romain dans les uvres de Polybe'.

31.25.2 - 31.29.12

the character of P. Scipio Aemilianus. P. divides this into three sections; (a) 25. 2–8, his moral abstemiousness; (b) 25. 9–28. 13, his generosity in financial matters; (c) 29. 1–12, his courage. In all three P. stresses the deliberate emphasis on the quality in question, and the successful exploitation of it to bring Scipio publicity and popularity. In thus representing Aemilianus' reputation as the result of a conscious attempt to capture and foster popularity, P. reminds us of his similar interpretation of Scipio Africanus' motives and character, as he portrays them in his account of what happened at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a> (x. 2. 1–20. 8 n.). P. also emphasizes the extent to which Scipio's behaviour was at variance with orthodox Roman attitudes towards finance (26. 9) and activity in the lawcourts and forum (29. 8). For discussion see Astin, 26–34, who suggests that this course of action was encouraged by P. who, as an Achaean, rated popular favour higher than the traditional activities of the Roman nobilis; but, as he admits (Astin, 31), an anecdote in Plut. Mor. 199 F (cf. Mor. 660 A) tells how Scipio observed P.'s advice 'never to leave the forum without making an acquaintance and friend of somebody among those who spoke to him' (a very Roman precept). No other political advice of P. to Scipio is recorded. Diod. xxxi. 26. 5 is the only writer to attribute philosophical teachings to P., and this as an insertion in a Polybian passage and of no independent value (cf. 24. 6 n.).

31.25.9 - 31.28.13

Scipio's reputation for generosity (and integrity?). See Diod. xxxi. 27. 1–7; on his integrity see 25. 9 n.

31.28.1 - 31.28.6

Scipio surrenders his half of Aemilius' property to his brother Fabius and pays for half the funeral games given by Fabius; cf.Diod. xxxi. 27. 5–6

31.28.7 - 31.28.9

On his mother's death Scipio gives all her property, including his gifts to her, to his sisters; cf. Diod. xxxi. 27. 7

31.28.10 - 31.28.13

Cost at which Scipio won this reputation and the relatively small discomfort involved

Specifics

31.28.1 - 31.28.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μετὰ δ᾽ ἔτη δύο</w>:</emph> on Aemilius Paullus' death in 160 see 22. 1–30. 4 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Φάβιον</w>:</emph> cf. 23. 5 n.; the lex Voconia of 169 would debar Aemilius Paullus from leaving his second wife or his daughters coheredes (though of course, had he wished to do so, this law could have been circumvented; cf. § 8 n.).

31.28.2 - 31.28.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς δ᾽ ἄλλους υἱοὺς . . . πάντας μετηλλαχέναι</w>:</emph> by his second wife Aemilius had had two sons (for whom he had brought the Athenian Metrodorus to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> as tutor; Pliny, Nat. hist. xxxv. 135). Of these the elder died, aged 14, a few days after his triumph over Perseus, and the younger, aged 12, a few days before (Livy, xlv. 40. 7–8; Vell. i. 10. 3–5; Val. Max. v. 10. 2; Cic. fam. iv. 6. 1; Plut. Aem. 35; App. Mac. 19; Diod. xxxi. 11. 1); see Klebs, RE, 'Aemilius (114)', col 578. The proximity of the deaths indicates some infectious disease.

31.28.3 - 31.28.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὑπὲρ ἑξήκοντα τάλαντα</w>:</emph> over HS 1,440,000 (cf. 27. 2 n.)a moderate fortune (Shatzman, 243); but it is not clear whether this is calculated before or after the repayment of the dowry of 25 talents= HS 600,000 to Aemilius Paullus' widow (xviii. 35. 6). The inheritance was probably ceded by an act of in iure cessio hereditatis (Gaius, <milestone unit="page" n="509">[509]</milestone> Inst. ii. 35–36, iii. 85–86; G. Boyer, RIDA, 1950 (= Mlanges de Visscher, iii), 179 n. 32). In thus accepting the responsibilities of a co-heir without the financial advantages Scipio acted with unusual generosity; cf. Cic. leg. ii. 50, for the older pontifical doctrine, prior to P. Mucius Scaevola, laying down the principle that the sacra went with the propertyhence, presumably, other similar financial obligations (cf. Boyer, op. cit. 185).

31.28.4 - 31.28.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">γενομένου . . . περιβήτου</w>:</emph> thus contributing to the reputation he was concerned to foster (25. 9).

31.28.5 - 31.28.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μονομαχίας ἐπὶ τῷ πατρὶ ποιεῖν</w>:</emph> gladiatorial funeral games probably originated in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Etruria&groupId=582&placeId=1089">Etruria</a> (cf. Nic. Damasc., FGH, 90 F 78, referring however to games accompanying banquets), perhaps as a substitute for human sacrifice (Serv. ad Aen. iii. 67, x. 519); contests are portrayed on Etruscan grave urns. The first recorded funeral games at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> are from 264, when three pairs fought in the Forum Boarium at the funeral of D. Iunius Brutus Pera, at his son's expense (Val. Max. ii. 4. 7; Livy, ep. 16; Serv. ad Aen. iii. 67; Auson. Id. xi. 36). These spectacles became increasingly popular and the number of pairs increased to 22 (in 216), 25 (in 200), 60 (in 183), 74 (in 174). It was at the games for Aemilius Paullus in 160 that the audience were enticed from the performance of Terence's Hecyra, which with the Adelphoe formed part of the entertainment; cf. Ter. Hec. 31–32, 'quom interea rumor uenit, / datum iri gladiatores, populus conuolat.' See K. Schneider, RE, Supp.-B. iii, 'gladiatores', cols. 760–2; M. Grant, Gladiators (London, 1967), 13; G. Ville in Problmes de la guerre <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, ed. Brisson (Paris, 1969), 185–95.

31.28.6 - 31.28.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐκ ἐλάττων ἡ συμπᾶσα τριάκοντα ταλάντων</w>:</emph> HS 720,000, half of the whole fortune left by Aemilius Paullus (cf. § 3 n.). On the devotion of Roman nobles at this time to conspicuous display, even when as here it was beyond their means, see Gelzer, Kl. Schr. i. 111 = Nobility, 110–11.

31.28.7 - 31.28.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μετήλλαξεν ἡ μήτηρ</w>:</emph> Papiria (26. 6) evidently died a little after Aemilius Paullus, hence in 160 or 159 (for his death in 160 cf. p. 37).

31.28.8 - 31.28.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀρτίως</w>:</emph> 26. 6. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν λοιπὴν οὐσίαν</w>:</emph> in addition to the gifts he had made her out of the deceased Aemilia's property. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀπέδωκε ταῖς ἀδελφαῖς</w>:</emph> cf. Plut. Aem. 5. 4–5, for two daughters of Aemilius Paullus and, presumably, Papiria (though this is nowhere stated), one the wife of M. Porcius Cato, son of the censor (cf. Plut. Cato mai. 20. 8, 24. 1; on difficulties concerning the date of the <milestone unit="page" n="510">[510]</milestone> marriage cf. Klebs, RE, 'Aemilius (180)', cols. 592–3), the other that of Q. Aelius Tubero, who was legatus to his father-in-law in the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pydna&groupId=919&placeId=1647">Pydna</a> campaign (Livy, xlv. 7. 1; cf. Klebs, RE, 'Aelius (154)', col. 535; RE, 'Aemilius (151)', col. 590). As with the gift to his brother (§ 3 n.), Scipio will have used in iure cessio hereditatis; see Boyer, RIDA, 1950 (= Mlanges de Visscher, iii), 180–1, who remarks that the poverty of Q. Aelius Tubero was almost legendary (cf. Plut. Aem. 5. 4–5, 28. 6–7; Val. Max. iv. 4. 9) and that since Scipio gave the property to his sisters, and not to their husbands, the marriages were probably without manus. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἧς οὐδὲν αὐταῖς προσῆκε κατὰ τοὺς νόμους</w>:</emph> why not merely Scipio's gifts to Papiria, but the rest of her property too, reverted to him on her death, to the exclusion of his elder brother Fabius and the sisters (if she was in fact their mother) needs explanation. Since, on her divorce from Aemilius Paullus Papiria passed out of his manus (if indeed it was a manus marriage), none of her children counted as her agnati; consequently, she must have made a will leaving Scipio Aemilianus her heir. Why Fabius and the girls were excluded is not recorded; but perhaps she was grateful for Scipio's generosity. It is unlikely that the girls had no claim on the estate solely because of the lex Voconia of 169 (cf. 26. 2 n.), as Schweighaeuser thought; but, had that been so, Papiria could have circumvented it by the legatum partitionis (cf. Watson, Succession, 129).

31.28.9 - 31.28.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸν . . . κόσμον καὶ τὴν περίστασιν</w>:</emph> cf. 26. 3.

31.28.10 - 31.28.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">σωφροσύνῃ καὶ καλοκἀγαθίᾳ</w>:</emph> cf. xxxv. 4. 8.

31.28.11 - 31.28.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἴσως ἑ?ξήκοντα τάλατα δαπανήσας</w>:</emph> P.'s calculations are not very clear. Bttner-Wobst, Klio, 1903, 167, assumed 30 talents paid to Fabius (§ 3), 15 talents for half the cost of the funeral games (§ 5), and the rest interest forgone on the dowries paid at the end of 10 months, instead of at three yearly intervals (27. 6); hence, he concludes, interest was being calculated at 36%! But if the 60 talents at which Aemilius Paullus' estate was valued (§ 3) represent its value before paying the dowry of Aemilius' widow (xviii. 35. 6), then Scipio here sacrificed only 30 12 = 17 talents; and this with the 15 talents for half the cost of the games comes to 32 talents. Since however the remaining 27 talents (60 32) should include the outfit and appointments made over to Papiria and later to Scipio's sisters, the amount attributed to lost interest (and the rate of interest) is not ascertainable. See further, in criticism of Bttner-Wobst, K. Fuhr, BPW, 1903, 828–9 (cf. Bursian's Jahresbericht, 127, 1903, 110). <milestone unit="page" n="511">[511]</milestone> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ προκείμενον κατεργασάμενος</w>:</emph> 'having achieved his purpose', or 'having achieved the above-mentioned result'. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῷ καιρῷ τῆς δόσεως</w>:</emph> i.e. Scipio chose the moment likely to give the best return in terms of publicity; or; on a more sympathetic interpretation, he chose the moment when his gift would be most appreciated; or both. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῷ χειρισμῷ τῆς χάριτος</w>:</emph> 'by the gracious manner he displayed'; it is less likely that the phrase means 'by the way in which he inspired gratitude' <w lang="el-GR">(χάρις</w> then being the recipients', not his).

31.28.13 - 31.28.13

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">παρ᾽ ὅλον τὸν ίν</w>:</emph> an indication that P. is writing after Scipio's death in 129 (cf. xxxviii. 21. 3; Svoboda, Phil. 1913, 482; Ziegler, RE, 'Polybios (1)', cols. 1485–6 n.). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πολλὰς ἡδονὰς καὶ καλὰς ἀμοιβάς</w>:</emph> 'many pleasures and ample rewards'; Castiglioni, 225, would delete <w lang="el-GR">ἡδονάς</w>, and Ziegler approves (RE, 'Polybios (1)', cols. 1485–6 n.). But Diod. xxxi. 27. 7, paraphrasing P., says that Scipio's bodily health and vigour brought him <w lang="el-GR">καλὰς ἀμοιβὰς καὶ χάριτας</w>; and since <w lang="el-GR">χάριτας</w> 'delights' is clearly a verbal substitution for <w lang="el-GR">ἡδονὰς</w>, the latter should be kept. P. has no objection to sensual pleasures in their right place; see for instance x. 19. 4, for a significant comment of Scipio Africanus <w lang="el-GR">(στρατηγὸς . . . ὑπάρχων)</w>. P.'s point, which is consonant with the tone of the whole section, is that by wise restraint at the right moment Scipio obtained everything later on (even including the temporarily sacrificed ). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν προχείρων ἡδονῶν</w>:</emph> 'immediate pleasures', not 'common plea- sures' (Paton), for P. is not distinguishing between the quality of the later <w lang="el-GR">ἡδοναί</w> and that of the <w lang="el-GR">ἡδοναί</w> which the young Scipio had forgone. Schweighaeuser also gratuitously introduces the adjective honestissimae to characterize the pleasures later enjoyed by Scipio; there is no corresponding word in the Greek.

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