Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 3 - Chapter 39

<w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgou">λόγου</w> <w lemma="sunepideiknume%2Fnous">συνεπιδεικνυμένους</w>. <w lemma="a%29fe%2Fmenoi">ἀφέμενοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="treyo%2Fmeqa">τρεψόμεθα</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sunexe%5Cs">συνεχὲς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="prokeime%2Fnhs">προκειμένης</w> <w lemma="h%28mi%3Dn">ἡμῖν</w> <w lemma="dihgh%2Fsews">διηγήσεως</w>.

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdo%2Fnioi">Καρχηδόνιοι</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="kairoi%3Ds">καιροῖς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2Alibu%2Fhs">Λιβύης</w> <w lemma="e%29kuri%2Feuon">ἐκυρίευον</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntwn">πάντων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fsw">ἔσω</w> <w lemma="qa%2Flattan">θάλατταν</w> <w lemma="neuo%2Fntwn">νευόντων</w> <w lemma="merw%3Dn">μερῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Afilai%2Fnou">Φιλαίνου</w> <w lemma="bwmw%3Dn">βωμῶν</w>, <w lemma="oi%28%5C">οἳ</w> <w lemma="kei%3Dntai">κεῖνται</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flhn">μεγάλην</w> <w lemma="%2Asu%2Frtin">Σύρτιν</w>, <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hrakle%2Fous">Ἡρακλέους</w> <w lemma="sth%2Flas">στήλας</w>.

<w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="mh%3Dko%2Fs">μῆκός</w> <w lemma="e%29sti">ἐστι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="parali%2Fas">παραλίας</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%28cakisxili%2Fous">ἑξακισχιλίους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="muri%2Fous">μυρίους</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fous">σταδίους</w>.

<w lemma="diaba%2Fntes">διαβάντες</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hraklei%2Fous">Ἡρακλείους</w> <w lemma="sth%2Flas">στήλας</w> <w lemma="po%2Fron">πόρον</w> <w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="e%29kekrath%2Fkeisan">ἐκεκρατήκεισαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ibhri%2Fas">Ἰβηρίας</w> <w lemma="a%28pa%2Fshs">ἁπάσης</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="r%28axi%2Fas">ῥαχίας</w>, <w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fras">πέρας</w> <w lemma="e%29sti%5C">ἐστὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28ma%3Ds">ἡμᾶς</w> <w lemma="qala%2Ftth%7C">θαλάττῃ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Apurhnai%2Fwn">Πυρηναίων</w> <w lemma="o%29rw%3Dn">ὀρῶν</w>, <w lemma="a%28%5C">ἃ</w> <w lemma="diori%2Fzei">διορίζει</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fibhras">Ἴβηρας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Akeltou%2Fs">Κελτούς</w>.

<w lemma="a%29pe%2Fxei">ἀπέχει</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hraklei%2Fous">Ἡρακλείους</w> <w lemma="sth%2Flas">στήλας</w> <w lemma="sto%2Fmatos">στόματος</w> <w lemma="ou%28%3Dtos">οὗτος</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpos">τόπος</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="o%29ktakisxili%2Fous">ὀκτακισχιλίους</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fous">σταδίους</w>.

<w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="%2Akainh%5Cn">Καινὴν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="sthlw%3Dn">στηλῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="trisxili%2Fous">τρισχιλίους</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fqen">ὅθεν</w> <w lemma="e%29poiei%3Dto">ἐποιεῖτο</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="o%28rmh%5Cn">ὁρμὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anni%2Fbas">Ἀννίβας</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fan:">Ἰταλίαν·</w> [<w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Akainh%5Cn">Καινὴν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fnioi">ἔνιοι</w> <w lemma="%2Ane%2Fan">Νέαν</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdo%2Fna">Καρχηδόνα</w> <w lemma="kalou%3Dsin:">καλοῦσιν·</w>] <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="ei%29si%5Cn">εἰσὶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fibhra">Ἴβηρα</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cn">ποταμὸν</w> <w lemma="e%28cako%2Fsioi">ἑξακόσιοι</w> <w lemma="sta%2Fdioi">στάδιοι</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="disxili%2Fois">δισχιλίοις</w>,

<w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29empo%2Frion">Ἐμπόριον</w> <w lemma="xi%2Flioi">χίλιοι</w> <w lemma="su%5Cn">σὺν</w> <w lemma="e%28cakosi%2Fois">ἑξακοσίοις</w>, <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29empori%2Fou">Ἐμπορίου</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> ?<w lemma=""></w>* <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="e%28cakosi%2Fous">ἑξακοσίους</w>,

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29nteu%3Dqen">ἐντεῦθεν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rodanou%3D">Ῥοδανοῦ</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fbasin">διάβασιν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="xili%2Fous">χιλίους</w> <w lemma="e%28cakosi%2Fous:">ἑξακοσίους·</w> [<w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="bebhma%2Ftistai">βεβημάτισται</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="seshmei%2Fwtai">σεσημείωται</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fous">σταδίους</w> <w lemma="o%29ktw%5C">ὀκτὼ</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="e%29pimelw%3Ds:">ἐπιμελῶς·</w>

] <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="diaba%2Fsews">διαβάσεως</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rodanou%3D">Ῥοδανοῦ</w> <w lemma="poreuome%2Fnois">πορευομένοις</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cn">ποταμὸν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="phga%5Cs">πηγὰς</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fws">ἕως</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29nabolh%5Cn">ἀναβολὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Falpewn">Ἄλπεων</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fan">Ἰταλίαν</w> <w lemma="xi%2Flioi">χίλιοι</w> <w lemma="tetrako%2Fsioi">τετρακόσιοι</w>.

<w lemma="loipai%5C">λοιπαὶ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="ai%28">αἱ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Falpewn">Ἄλπεων</w> <w lemma="u%28perbolai%2F">ὑπερβολαί</w>, <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="xili%2Fous">χιλίους</w> <w lemma="diakosi%2Fous:">διακοσίους·</w> <w lemma="a%28%5Cs">ἃς</w> <w lemma="u%28perbalw%5Cn">ὑπερβαλὼν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fmellen">ἔμελλεν</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fcein">ἥξειν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Apa%2Fdon">Πάδον</w> <w lemma="pedi%2Fa">πεδία</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29itali%2Fas">Ἰταλίας</w>.

<w lemma="w%28%2Fst%27">ὥστ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="%2Akainh%3Ds">Καινῆς</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="stadi%2Fous">σταδίους</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="e%29nnakisxili%2Fous">ἐννακισχιλίους</w>, <w lemma="ou%28%5Cs">οὓς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fdei">ἔδει</w> <w lemma="dielqei%3Dn">διελθεῖν</w> <w lemma="au%29to%2Fn">αὐτόν</w>.

<w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="dh%5C">δὴ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpwn">τόπων</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="mh%3Dkos">μῆκος</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fdh">ἤδη</w> <w lemma="sxedo%5Cn">σχεδὸν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="h%28mi%2Fseis">ἡμίσεις</w> <w lemma="dielhlu%2Fqei">διεληλύθει</w>, <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="dusxe%2Freian">δυσχέρειαν</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="ple%2Fon">πλέον</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="a%29pelei%2Fpeto">ἀπελείπετο</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fas">πορείας</w>.

Dismissing this matter I will now continue my narrative.

At the time of which we are speaking the Carthaginians were masters of all that part of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a> which looks towards the Mediterranean from the Altars of Philaenus<note place="end" resp="tr" id="note5"><emph rend="bold">the Altars of Philaenus:</emph>Originally the boundary between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Egypt&groupId=556&placeId=368">Egypt</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cyrene&groupId=521&placeId=985">Cyrene</a>.</note>on the Greater Syrtis as far as the Pillars of Hercules.

The length of this coast-line is more than sixteen thousand stades.

Crossing the straits at the Pillars of Hercules they had similarly subdued all Iberia as far as the point on the coast of the Mediterranean where the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pyrenees&groupId=921&placeId=1650">Pyrenees</a>, which separate the Celts from the Iberians, end.

This spot is about eight thousand stades distant from the mouth of this sea at the Pillars of Hercules,

the distance being three thousand stades from the Pillars to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a>, from which place Hannibal started for <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, two thousand six hundred stades from hence to the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ebro&groupId=549&placeId=1031">Ebro</a>,

and from the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ebro&groupId=549&placeId=1031">Ebro</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Emporium&groupId=565&placeId=1056">Emporium</a> one thousand six hundred stades.

From <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Emporium&groupId=565&placeId=1056">Emporium</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Narbo&groupId=786&placeId=1423">Narbo</a> it is about six hundred stades, and from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Narbo&groupId=786&placeId=1423">Narbo</a> to the passage of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhone&groupId=933&placeId=1667">Rhone</a> about sixteen hundred, this part of the road having now been carefully measured by the Romans and marked with milestones at every eighth stade.

From the passage of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhone&groupId=933&placeId=1667">Rhone</a>, following the bank of the river in the direction of its source as far as the foot of the pass across the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Alps&groupId=313&placeId=609">Alps</a> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>, the distance is fourteen hundred stades,

and the length of the actual pass which would bring Hannibal down into the plain of the Po, about twelve hundred.

So that to arrive there he had, starting from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a>, to march about nine thousand stades.

Of this, as far as distance goes, he had nearly traversed the half, but if we look to difficulty far the largest part lay before him.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

3.33.5 - 3.59.9

Hannibal's March to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a>

3.35.0 - 3.39.0

Digression on the geographical divisions of the oecumene. In dealing with geographical data the historian should (1) avoid proper names in distant lands, since they can have no significance for a Greek reader (cf. Strabo, iii. 155), (2) classify the oecumene as a whole in relation to the primary points of the compass (north, south, east, and west) (36. 6), and demarcate the three continents (36. 7). As general principles these are somewhat meagre and inadequate (cf. Reid, JRS, 1913, 191–2); and in fact P. quotes many names unknown to us otherwise. However, he does make good use of indications based on compass points, including 'half-directions' such as north-east, north-west, south-east, and south-west (e.g. iii. 47. 2, iv. 77. 8, v. 22. 3, xxxiv. 7. 9–10). P. repeats his principles at v. 21. 3 f., with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a>, a Greek site, in mind; for a discussion of the application of these principles to Greek topography see Cuntz (3–8). His failure adequately to describe <w lang="el-GR">πόθεν ὁρμήσας Ἀννίβας . . . εἰς ποῖα μέρη κατῆρε τῆς Ἰταλίας</w> is shown by the still inconclusive discussion on which Alpine pass Hannibal used (49. 5–56. 4 n.). (*p. 636.) Pdech, Mthode, 565, argues that the whole of this digression was written after 146; he is probably right.

Specifics

3.39.1 - 3.39.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τρεψόμεθα πρὸς τὸ συνεχὲς τῆς . . . διηγήσεως</w>:</emph> this P. appears not to do. Two obvious explanations suggest themselves: (a) 39. 2–12 is a later addition to the text, interrupting a narrative in which 39. 1 was followed immediately by 40. 1, (b) 36–38 is a later addition which P. rounded off with the remark in 39. 1, not noticing that 39 was itself a digression. For the view that 36–38 was a later insertion see Gidion, 41–51; 116–19; Ziegler, RE, 'Polybios (1)', col. 1486; but the close parallel with v. 21. 3 f. is against it, and perhaps one should not rule out the possibility that P. would have regarded the statistics in 39 as <w lang="el-GR">τὸ συνεχὲς τῆς . . . διηγήσεως</w>.

3.39.2 - 3.39.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν φιλαίνου βωμῶν</w>:</emph> cf. x. 40. 7, for the same definition of the Carthaginian empire in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Africa&groupId=300&placeId=294">Africa</a>. The Altars of Philaenus (or the Philaeni) lay in the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Syrtes&groupId=996&placeId=1754">Syrtes</a> 6 km. inland from the promontory of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ras&groupId=32&placeId=153">Ras</a> el-Ali, at Grret Gser el-Trab; this identification was confirmed by the 1951 campaign of the Map of Roman <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Libya&groupId=686&placeId=427">Libya</a> Committee (cf. R. G. Goodchild, JRS, 1951, 15–16; BSR, 1952, 94–110). For the legend connected with the Altars see Sallust, Iugurtha, 79. For the Punic empire at this date see i. 10. 5 n.

3.39.4 - 3.39.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἕως τῆς ῥαχίας, ὃ πέρας ἐστὶ . . . ὀρῶν</w>:</emph> P.'s source evidently calculated to the famous temple of Aphrodite Pyrenaea, which lay on the frontier between Narbonensis and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> (Strabo, iv. 178, 181; Pliny, Nat. hist. iii. 22); <w lang="el-GR">ῥαχία</w> is 'promontory' (cf. Thuc. iv. 10. 5). Hannibal himself probably crossed the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pyrenees&groupId=921&placeId=1650">Pyrenees</a> a little way inland by the Col du Perthus (Jullian, i. 458 n. 2), since he descended at Elne (Iliberris), Livy, xxi. 24. 1. See Bosch-Gimpera, REL, 1961, 33–34, for the view that Hannibal crossed the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pyrenees&groupId=921&placeId=1650">Pyrenees</a> by the Col de la Perche (from Puigcerda to Perpignan), rather than by the Col du Perthus; contra R. Grosse, RE, 'Pyrene (2)', cols. 16–17.

3.39.6 - 3.39.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τρισχιλίους</w>:</emph> 357 m.p. = 2,975 stades, according to Cuntz's calculations (24) based on the Antonine Itinerary. Strabo (iii. 156) gives the distance as, reputedly, 2,200 stades, probably basing his account on Poseidonius (Schulten, Hermes, 1911, 587). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">[τὴν δὲ Καινὴν . . . καλοῦσιν]</w>:</emph> <w lang="el-GR">Νέα Καρχηδών</w> is not used by P. (in xxxiv. 9. 8 the expression is Strabo's); and this sentence is rightly excluded as a gloss by Bttner-Wobst. Cf. ii. 13. 1 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ . . . τὸν Ἴβηρα ποταμόν</w>:</emph> from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a> to the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ebro&groupId=549&placeId=1031">Ebro</a> is 312 m.p. = 2,600 stades (Cuntz, 25), P.'s figure; Strabo (loc. cit.) makes it 2,200 stades. <milestone unit="page" n="372">[372]</milestone>

3.39.7 - 3.39.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">εἰς Ἐμπόριον</w>:</emph> to Emporiae (Ampurias, cf. Schulten, Hermes, 1925, 66–73) from the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ebro&groupId=549&placeId=1031">Ebro</a> is 197 m.p. = 1,642 stades (Cuntz, 25); P. gives 1,600 stades, and Strabo (loc. cit.) gives the same figure for the distance from the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ebro&groupId=549&placeId=1031">Ebro</a> to the Trophies of Pompey (near modern La Junquera: Sall. Hist. iii, fg. 89 M.).

3.39.8 - 3.39.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐντεῦθεν ἐπὶ τὴν τοῦ Ῥοδανοῦ διάβασιν</w>:</emph> from Emporiae (see 59 n. on the arbitrary insertion 〈<w lang="el-GR">ἀπὸ δ</w>f <w lang="el-GR">Ἐμπορίον . . . ἑξακοσίους</w>〉 which alters the meaning of <w lang="el-GR">ἐντεῦθεν)</w> to the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhone&groupId=933&placeId=1667">Rhone</a> is calculated by Cuntz (25), via the Col du Perthus and ending at Ugernum (Beaucaire), as 199 m.p. = 1,658 stades (on the basis of the Itineraries); but P.'s source may be by-passing Nemausus, and consequently may be shorter. Strabo (iv. 178) reckons from the Trophies of Pompey to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Narbo&groupId=786&placeId=1423">Narbo</a> as 63 m.p. and from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Narbo&groupId=786&placeId=1423">Narbo</a> to Nemausus as 88; if these distances are accepted rather than those of Cuntz, his total is reduced by 5 m.p. to 194 m.p. = 1,616 stades. These calculations do not take into account the possibility that Hannibal's crossing of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhone&groupId=933&placeId=1667">Rhone</a> was not the later one at Beaucaire–Tarascon; cf. 42. 1 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ταῦτα γὰρ νῦν βεβημάτισται κτλ</w>:</emph> 'for this part has now been carefully measured and marked with milestones by the Romans, at intervals of eight stades'. This applies only to the section from Emporiae (i.e. the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pyrenees&groupId=921&placeId=1650">Pyrenees</a>) to the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhone&groupId=933&placeId=1667">Rhone</a>, and the reference is evidently to the laying down of the Via Domitia in 118, after the conquests of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus (cf. P.-M. Duval, CRAI, 1951, 161–5, for a milestone found at Pont-de-Treilles (Aude), bearing Ahenobarbus' name). Elsewhere (xxxiv. 12. 3–4) P. allows 8 stades to the mille passus (cf. M. C. P. Schmidt, 7 ff.); and his detailed measurements here correspond with the Roman itineraries on that basis. Nevertheless, he can easily have used the looser phrase, as he apparently did in i. 17. 8, and this cannot be made an argument against the genuineness of the present passage. Several scholars, however, have omitted the sentence as a later insertion (cf. Jullian, iii. 36; Schmidt, loc. cit.; Hartstein, Phil., 1886, 717; 1894, 757; Lenchantin de Gubernatis, Boll. fil. class., 1908, 52–55), and Wilamowitz (in Meyer, Kl. Schr. ii. 333 n. 1) suggests it was the work of the posthumous editor (cf. 1–5 n. (4)); its authenticity is defended by Thommen (Hermes, 1885, 216), Mommsen and Hirschfeld (CIL, v. 2, p. 885; xii, p. 666), E. Desjardins (Gographie historique et administrative de la Gaule romaine (Paris, 1878), ii. 264), and Ziegler (RE, 'Polybios (1)', col. 1445). Mioni (46) argues improbably that the Via Domitia may have been begun early enough for P. to see it in 150; and De Sanctis (iii. 1. 213) suggests that P. is referring to the opening up of the Ligurian coast road by Q. Opimius in 154 (cf. xxxiii. 9–10), though clearly it is with the district west of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhone&groupId=933&placeId=1667">Rhone</a> that P. is concerned. There is no real difficulty if this passage was inserted by P. about 118 as one of his last additions. That the reference to measuring the Via Domitia is a later interpolation is again argued by Pdech, Mthode, 536 n. 120, 596 n. 467, who stresses that the equation 8 stades = mille passus clashes with P.'s usual reckoning and remarks that <w lang="el-GR">σημειοῦσθαι</w> is a 'hapax suspect' in the sense 'marked out with milestones'. It has been suggested that P. may have obtained his information about the road from Achaean troops who had served under Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus against Gauls (presumably in Provence from 122 onwards); cf. E. Kunze, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Olympia&groupId=809&placeId=1462">Olympia</a>, V. Bericht, 160 f.; Anne pig. 1960, no. 76; SEG, xv, 1958, 254; J. M. Reynolds, JRS, 1966, 118. There has been more written on the inscription (see Vol. II, p. 636) recording the setting up of an equestrian statue to their commander, Damon of Patrae, by Achaeans fighting under the ultimate command of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus (SEG, xv. 254). Moretti, Riv. fil. 1965, 278–83, argued that since some of the Achaeans came from cities not in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> proper (i.e. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraea&groupId=626&placeId=1151">Heraea</a>, Thelphusa, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Psophis&groupId=917&placeId=1646">Psophis</a>, Cleitor, Cynaetha, and Pheneus) this inscription cannot be after 146; and he therefore dated it to 192, making Cn. Domitius the consul of that year and the Gauls the Boii of the Po Valley (Livy, xxxv. 22. 3 f.). This must, however, be rejected. The treaty with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> was not made till between Nov. 192 and Nov. 191; see Badian, JRS, 1952, 76 ff.; Schwertfeger, 31–32 n. 30. Achaean troops in north <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> can be ruled out at so early a date. On the Via Domitia see G. Radke, Rh. Mus. 1957, 294–7; and for the milestone of Domitius see I. König, Die Meilensteine der Gallia Narbonensis (Berne, 1970), 275–6, no. 256; Schwertfeger, 37 n. 48 (for bibliography). In view of P.'s usual practice of calculating on the basis of 8 stades to the Roman mile (cf. xxxiv. 12. 3–4; and this seems implicit in the figures recorded elsewhere in book xxxiv), I think that Pdech, Mthode, 536 n. 120, 596 n. 467, must be right in his contention that this sentence was inserted in the posthumous edition (see Vol. II, p. 636). There is still, however, the problem of why the posthumous editor added the sentence, and the likeliest explanation is that he found a marginal addition in P.'s text (perhaps based on information derived from Damon of Patrae, but of course we cannot know). If such a note used the word <w lang="el-GR">μίλια</w> (cf. xxxiv. 11. 8), the expression of this in stades could be due to the editor. This is the more likely since P. was interested in milestones (cf. xxxiv. 12. 2 a; see xxxiv. 12. 8 n. for proof that this is P. and not Strabo). The passage would in that case still be evidence that P. lived until after 118. <milestone unit="page" n="373">[373]</milestone>

3.39.9 - 3.39.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">παρ</w>f <w lang="el-GR">αὐτὸν τὸν ποταμὸν ὡς ἐπὶ τὰς πηγάς</w>:</emph> the river is the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhone&groupId=933&placeId=1667">Rhone</a> (cf. 47. 1 n.); but for P.'s confusion about the upper part of Hannibal's route see 50. 1 n., and for the general problem of the pass he used, 49. 5–56. 4 n.

3.39.11 - 3.39.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">περὶ ἐννακισχιλίους</w>:</emph> 8,400 stades if the separate stages are added up (cf. 39 n.).

3.39.12 - 3.39.12

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">σχεδὸν τοὺς ἡμίσεις διεληλύθει</w>:</emph> as Hannibal had covered 4,200 stades at the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pyrenees&groupId=921&placeId=1650">Pyrenees</a> this is roughly true for the detailed figures, though it does not fit the rounded off total of 9,000.

Addenda & corrigenda

3.36.0 - 3.39.0

Pdech, Mthode, 565, argues that the whole of this digression was written after 146; he is probably right. On p. 371 line 15 from the bottom for '120' read '118'.

3.39.8 - 3.39.8

that the reference to measuring the Via Domitia is a later interpolation is again argued by Pdech, Mthode, 536 n. 120, 596 n. 467, who stresses that the equation 8 stades = mille passus clashes with P.'s usual reckoning and remarks that <w lang="el-GR">σημειοῦσθαι</w> is a 'hapax suspect' in the sense 'marked out with milestones'. It has been suggested that P. may have obtained his information about the road from Achaean troops who had served under Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus against Gauls (presumably in Provence from 122 onwards); cf. E. Kunze, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Olympia&groupId=809&placeId=1462">Olympia</a>, V. Bericht, 160 f.; Anne pig. 1960, no. 76; SEG, xv, 1958, 254; J. M. Reynolds, JRS, 1966, 118.

3.39.4 - 3.39.4

see Bosch-Gimpera, REL, 1961, 33–34, for the view that Hannibal crossed the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pyrenees&groupId=921&placeId=1650">Pyrenees</a> by the Col de la Perche (from Puigcerda to Perpignan), rather than by the Col du Perthus; contra R. Grosse, RE, 'Pyrene (2)', cols. 16–17.

3.39.8 - 3.39.8

there has been more written on the inscription (see Vol. II, p. 636) recording the setting up of an equestrian statue to their commander, Damon of Patrae, by Achaeans fighting under the ultimate command of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus (SEG, xv. 254). Moretti, Riv. fil. 1965, 278–83, argued that since some of the Achaeans came from cities not in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> proper (i.e. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraea&groupId=626&placeId=1151">Heraea</a>, Thelphusa, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Psophis&groupId=917&placeId=1646">Psophis</a>, Cleitor, Cynaetha, and Pheneus) this inscription cannot be after 146; and he therefore dated it to 192, making Cn. Domitius the consul of that year and the Gauls the Boii of the Po Valley (Livy, xxxv. 22. 3 f.). This must, however, be rejected. The treaty with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> was not made till between Nov. 192 and Nov. 191; see Badian, JRS, 1952, 76 ff.; Schwertfeger, 31–32 n. 30. Achaean troops in north <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Italy&groupId=656&placeId=1199">Italy</a> can be ruled out at so early a date. On the Via Domitia see G. Radke, Rh. Mus. 1957, 294–7; and for the milestone of Domitius see I. König, Die Meilensteine der Gallia Narbonensis (Berne, 1970), 275–6, no. 256; Schwertfeger, 37 n. 48 (for bibliography). In view of P.'s usual practice of calculating on the basis of 8? stades to the Roman mile (cf. xxxiv. 12. 3–4; and this seems implicit in the figures recorded elsewhere in book xxxiv), I think that Pdech, Mthode, 536 n. 120, 596 n. 467, must be right in his contention that this sentence was inserted in the posthumous edition (see Vol. II, p. 636). There is still, however, the problem of why the posthumous editor added the sentence, and the likeliest explanation is that he found a marginal addition in P.'s text (perhaps based on information derived from Damon of Patrae, but of course we cannot know). If such a note used the word <w lang="el-GR">μίλια</w> (cf. xxxiv. 11. 8), the expression of this in stades could be due to the editor. This is the more likely since P. was interested in milestones (cf. xxxiv. 12. 2 a; see xxxiv. 12. 8 n. for proof that this is P. and not Strabo). The passage would in that case still be evidence that P. lived until after 118.

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