Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 23 - Chapter 1

<head lang="la">A. Olymp. 149, 1. I. Res Italiae</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29na%2Fthn">ἐνάτην</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tettarakosth%5Cn">τετταρακοστὴν</w> <w lemma="o%29lumpia%2Fda">ὀλυμπιάδα</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="e%28kato%5Cn">ἑκατὸν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rw%2Fmhn">Ῥώμην</w> <w lemma="h%28qroi%2Fsqhsan">ἡθροίσθησαν</w> <w lemma="presbeiw%3Dn">πρεσβειῶν</w> <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ella%2Fdos">Ἑλλάδος</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fson">ὅσον</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="taxe%2Fws">ταχέως</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w>.

<w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%2Fppou">Φιλίππου</w> <w lemma="sugkleisqe%2Fntos">συγκλεισθέντος</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fmbolon">σύμβολον</w> <w lemma="dikaiodosi%2Fan">δικαιοδοσίαν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29stugei%2Ftonas">ἀστυγείτονας</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="gnwsqe%2Fntwn">γνωσθέντων</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="prosde%2Fxontai">προσδέχονται</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%2Fppou">Φιλίππου</w> <w lemma="kathgori%2Fas">κατηγορίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fnoian">πρόνοιαν</w> <w lemma="poiou%3Dntai">ποιοῦνται</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29sfalei%2Fas">ἀσφαλείας</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29mfisbhtou%2Fntwn">ἀμφισβητούντων</w>,

<w lemma="a%28%2Fpantes">ἅπαντες</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="parakei%2Fmenoi">παρακείμενοι</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedoni%2Fa%7C">Μακεδονίᾳ</w> <w lemma="parh%3Dsan">παρῆσαν</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fan">ἰδίαν</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29qnika%5Cs">ἐθνικὰς</w> <w lemma="susta%2Fseis">συστάσεις</w>, <w lemma="e%29gkalou%3Dntes">ἐγκαλοῦντες</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%2Fppw%7C">Φιλίππῳ</w>.

<w lemma="su%5Cn">σὺν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnous">Εὐμένους</w> <w lemma="h%28%3Dkon">ἧκον</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fm%27">ἅμ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29aqhnai%2Fw%7C">Ἀθηναίῳ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fws">βασιλέως</w> <w lemma="a%29delfw%3D%7C">ἀδελφῷ</w>, <w lemma="kathgorh%2Fsontes">κατηγορήσοντες</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%3D">αὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="peri%2F">περί</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aqra%2F%7Ckhs">Θρᾴκης</w> <w lemma="po%2Flewn">πόλεων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29postalei%2Fshs">ἀποσταλείσης</w> <w lemma="%2Aprousi%2Fa%7C">Προυσίᾳ</w> <w lemma="bohqei%2Fas">βοηθείας</w>.

<w lemma="h%28%3Dke">ἧκε</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Adhmh%2Ftrios">Δημήτριος</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%2Fppou">Φιλίππου</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftous">τούτους</w> <w lemma="a%29pologhso%2Fmenos">ἀπολογησόμενος</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fxwn">ἔχων</w> <w lemma="%2A%29apellh%3Dn">Ἀπελλῆν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Afiloklh%3D">Φιλοκλῆ</w> <w lemma="meq%27">μεθ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%3D">αὑτοῦ</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="to%2Fte">τότε</w> <w lemma="dokou%3Dntas">δοκοῦντας</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="prw%2Ftous">πρώτους</w> <w lemma="fi%2Flous">φίλους</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="basile%2Fws">βασιλέως</w>.

<w lemma="parh%3Dsan">παρῆσαν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Alakedaimoni%2Fwn">Λακεδαιμονίων</w> <w lemma="pre%2Fsbeis">πρέσβεις</w>, <w lemma="a%29f%27">ἀφ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstou">ἑκάστου</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fnous">γένους</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="po%2Flei">πόλει</w>.

<w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhtos">σύγκλητος</w> <w lemma="ei%29sekale%2Fsato">εἰσεκαλέσατο</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29aqh%2Fnaion">Ἀθήναιον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="decame%2Fnh">δεξαμένη</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ste%2Ffanon">στέφανον</w>, <w lemma="o%28%5Cn">ὃν</w> <w lemma="e%29ko%2Fmizen">ἐκόμιζεν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="muri%2Fwn">μυρίων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pentakisxili%2Fwn">πεντακισχιλίων</w> <w lemma="xrusw%3Dn">χρυσῶν</w>, <w lemma="e%29ph%2F%7Cnese%2F">ἐπῄνεσέ</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="megalomerw%3Ds">μεγαλομερῶς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnh">Εὐμένη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29delfou%5Cs">ἀδελφοὺς</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29pokri%2Fsews">ἀποκρίσεως</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pareka%2Flese">παρεκάλεσε</w> <w lemma="me%2Fnein">μένειν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="ai%28re%2Fsews">αἱρέσεως</w>.

<w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftw%7C">τούτῳ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Adhmh%2Ftrion">Δημήτριον</w> <w lemma="ei%29sagago%2Fntes">εἰσαγαγόντες</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="strathgoi%5C">στρατηγοὶ</w> <w lemma="parekale%2Fsanto">παρεκαλέσαντο</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="kathgorou%3Dntas">κατηγοροῦντας</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%2Fppou">Φιλίππου</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parh%3Dgon">παρῆγον</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="mi%2Fan">μίαν</w> <w lemma="presbei%2Fan">πρεσβείαν</w>.

<w lemma="ou%29sw%3Dn">οὐσῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="presbeiw%3Dn">πρεσβειῶν</w> <w lemma="pollw%3Dn">πολλῶν</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ei%29so%2Fdou">εἰσόδου</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="genome%2Fnhs">γενομένης</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="h%28me%2Fras">ἡμέρας</w>, <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="a%29pori%2Fan">ἀπορίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29ne%2Fpipten">ἐνέπιπτεν</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhtos">σύγκλητος</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="pw%3Ds">πῶς</w> <w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="xeirisqh%3Dnai">χειρισθῆναι</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w>.

<w lemma="para%2F">παρά</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="%2Aqettalw%3Dn">Θετταλῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="koino%5Cn">κοινὸν</w> <w lemma="h%28%3Dkon">ἧκον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fan">ἰδίαν</w> <w lemma="a%29f%27">ἀφ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fsths">ἑκάστης</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="presbeutai%2F">πρεσβευταί</w>, <w lemma="para%2F">παρά</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="%2Aperraibw%3Dn">Περραιβῶν</w>, <w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29aqama%2Fnwn">Ἀθαμάνων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29hpeirwtw%3Dn">Ἠπειρωτῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29illuriw%3Dn:">Ἰλλυριῶν·</w>

<w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fras">χώρας</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="swma%2Ftwn">σωμάτων</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="qremma%2Ftwn">θρεμμάτων</w> <w lemma="h%28%3Dkon">ἧκον</w> <w lemma="a%29mfisbhtou%3Dntes">ἀμφισβητοῦντες</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fnioi">ἔνιοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="sumbolai%2Fwn">συμβολαίων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="au%28tou%5Cs">αὑτοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29dikhma%2Ftwn">ἀδικημάτων</w>,

<w lemma="tine%5Cs">τινὲς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="fa%2Fskontes">φάσκοντες</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnasqai">δύνασθαι</w> <w lemma="tuxei%3Dn">τυχεῖν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="dikai%2Fou">δικαίου</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fmbolon">σύμβολον</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Afi%2Flippon">Φίλιππον</w> <w lemma="e%29kko%2Fptein">ἐκκόπτειν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="dikaiodosi%2Fan">δικαιοδοσίαν</w>, <w lemma="tine%5Cs">τινὲς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29gkalou%3Dntes">ἐγκαλοῦντες</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="kri%2Fmasin">κρίμασιν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="parabebrabeume%2Fnoi">παραβεβραβευμένοι</w>, <w lemma="diafqei%2Frantos">διαφθείραντος</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%2Fppou">Φιλίππου</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="dikasta%2Fs">δικαστάς</w>.

<w lemma="kaqo%2Flou">καθόλου</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="poiki%2Flh">ποικίλη</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="a%29krisi%2Fa">ἀκρισία</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dusxw%2Frhtos">δυσχώρητος</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kathgoroume%2Fnwn">κατηγορουμένων</w>.

<head>I. Affairs of Greece</head><head>Embassies from Greece to Rome</head>In the 149th Olympiad so large a number of missions from Greece were assembled in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> as had, perhaps, never been previously seen.

For as Philip was now strictly confined to the jurisdiction of the courts established by treaty in disputes with his neighbours, and as it was known that the Romans were ready to listen to complaints against him, and looked after the safety of those who were at issue with him,

all those on the frontiers of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> had come, some individually and some representing cities or tribal groups, to accuse the king.

Envoys also came from Eumenes, with Athenaeus, that king's brother, at their head, to bring charges against Philip on subject of the Thracian cities and of the help he had sent to Prusias.

Demetrius, Philip's son, also appeared to defend his father against all the above, accompanied by Apelles and Philocles, who were then considered to be the chief friends of the king.

There were also envoys from Lacedaemon representing all the different factions in that town.

The senate summoned Athenaeus in the first place, and, having received the crown he brought of the value of fifteen thousand gold staters, thanked Eumenes and his brother profusely for their reply, and exhorted them to continued to maintain the same attitude.

In the next place the consuls introduced Demetrius, and inviting all Philip's accusers to come forward, brought them in one by one.

As these embassies were so numerous that it took three days to introduce them all, the senate was at a loss how to deal with all the details.

For from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thessaly&groupId=1028&placeId=1816">Thessaly</a> there was one general embassy and particular ones from each town, and there were also embassies from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Perrhaebia&groupId=870&placeId=1569">Perrhaebia</a>, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athamania&groupId=377&placeId=710">Athamania</a>, Epirus, and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a>,

some of them claiming territory, some slaves and some cattle, and others with complaints about the injustice they had suffered in their actions for the recovery of money,

maintaining in some cases that they could not get justice in the authorized tribunals, as Philip quashed the proceedings, and in others finding fault with the decisions on the ground that the rulings were unfair, Philip having bribed the judges.

So that on the whole the various accusations resulted in a confused and inextricable imbroglio.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

23.1.1 - 23.4.16

Greek embassies at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (184/3) This extract from de legat. gent. is from res Italiae of Ol. 149, 1 = 184/3; see p. 15. It is behind Livy, xxxix. 46. 6–48. 4 (abbreviated); cf. App. Mac. 9. 6; Iustin. xxxii. 2. 3.

Specifics

23.1.1 - 23.1.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πρεσβειῶν πλῆθος ἀπὸ τῆς Ἑλλάδος</w>:</emph> Livy, xxxix. 46. 6 adds that they were introduced into the Senate 'priusquam consules in prouincias proficiscerentur' (cf. § 8, <w lang="el-GR">οἱ στρατηγοί)</w>.

23.1.2 - 23.1.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">εἰς τὴν κατὰ τὸ σύμβολον δικαιοδοσίαν</w>:</emph> cf. § 12, xxxii. 7. 3–4, fg. 31. A <w lang="el-GR">σύμβολον</w> was a convention entered into by two states, regulating among other things procedure for trials of cases <w lang="el-GR">(δικαὶ ἀπὸ συμβόλων</w>: cf. Arist. Pol. iii. 1. 4. 1275 a 10, 9. 6–7. 1280 a 37–40; Thuc. i. 77. 1) brought by subjects of the states against each other, by individuals against the foreign state, or by one state against subjects of the other (cf. Philippson, International law, i. 139, 198 n. 2); cf. Harpocration, <w lang="el-GR">σύμβολα</w> <emph rend="italics">\?\</emph> <w lang="el-GR">τὰς συνθήκας ἃς ἂν ἀλλή?λαις αἱ πόλεις θέμεναι τάττωσι τοῖς πολίταις ὥστε διδόναι καὶ λαμβάνειν τὰ δίκαια</w>. Common from the fifth century onwards, they existed much earlier; the Roman–Carthaginian treaties are examples (cf. iii. 22. 1 ff., especially 24. 3–13 n.). Since 184 (Livy, xxxix. 26. 14) Philip's relations with his neighbours had been governed by a series of such <w lang="el-GR">σύμβολα. δικαιοδοσία</w> is a technical expression for the procedure in such cases. There is no reference here to any treaty between Philip and the Romans (cf. Tubler, 237–9). See Busolt–Swoboda, ii. 1241 n. 5, 1244 n. 1; Kahrstedt, RE, '<w lang="el-GR">σύμβολον</w> (1)', cols. 1088–90; Gomme, Thucydides, i. 237–8; P. Gauthier, Symbola: les trangers et la justice dans les cits grecques (Nancy, 1972), 341 f.

23.1.3 - 23.1.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οἱ δὲ κατὰ τὰς ἐθνικὰς συστάσεις</w>:</emph> cf. xxx 13. 6; 'representing national groups'.

23.1.4 - 23.1.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀθηναίῳ τῷ . . . ἀδελφῷ</w>:</emph> Attalus I's youngest son, now at least 31 (cf. xviii. 41. 10 n. The inscription from New Colophon there mentioned is probably to be dated a little before 160; cf. Habicht, Alt. v. Perg. viii. 3 (1969), 26–28, discussing a new inscription in Athenaeus' honour; J. and L. Robert, Bull. p. 1971, no. 538). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">περί τε τῶν ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης πόλεων</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxxix. 46. 9, 'quod non <milestone unit="page" n="214">[214]</milestone> deducerentur ex Thracia praesidia'. The cities are Aenus and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Maronea&groupId=734&placeId=1345">Maronea</a> (cf. xxii. 13. 1–14. 6). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">περὶ τῆς ἀποσταλείσης Προυσίᾳ βοηθείας</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxxix. 46. 9, 'simul quod in Bithyniam Prusiae bellum aduersus Eumenem gerenti auxilia missa forent'. The war between Prusias I and Eumenes II (cf. iii. 3. 6 n.) probably arose out of Manlius' assignment of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phrygia&groupId=896&placeId=1611">Phrygia</a> Epictetus to Eumenes (xxi. 46. 10 n.); it lasted until 183 (cf. xxii. 20. 8 n.).

23.1.5 - 23.1.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Δημήτριος</w>:</emph> cf. xxii. 14. 9–11. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀπελλῆν καὶ Φιλοκλῆ</w>:</emph> <w lang="el-GR">πρῶτοι φίλοι</w> at Philip's court; cf. xxii. 14. 7.

23.1.6 - 23.1.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀφ</w>f <w lang="el-GR">ἑκάστου γένους</w>:</emph> cf. 4. 1–5 for the various groups.

23.1.7 - 23.1.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸν στέφανον . . . ἀπὸ μυρίων καὶ πεντακισχιλίων χρυσῶν</w>:</emph> cf. xx. 12. 5 n. Each gold stater was worth 20 Attic silver drachmae; cf. iv. 46. 3 n.

23.1.8 - 23.1.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οἱ στρατηγοί</w>:</emph> cf. § 1 n.; on <w lang="el-GR">στρατηγός</w>, 'consul' see Mason, 156 ff. (for the formal <w lang="el-GR">στρατηγὸς ὕπατος)</w>. Shuckburgh (like Fraccaro, Opuscula, i. 390 n. 440) mistranslates 'praetors'. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ κοινόν</w>:</emph> 'in the name of the Confederacy'; SEG, xiii. 390 and 393 record the building of a gymnasium at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Larissa&groupId=669&placeId=1224">Larissa</a> after 196, to which Philip and Perseus both contributed; one should not exaggerate the hostility between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thessaly&groupId=1028&placeId=1816">Thessaly</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> (see on this Giovannini, Ancient <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, 148 n. 8).

23.1.10 - 23.1.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Περραιβῶν . . . Ἀθαμάνων . . . Ἠπειρωτῶν . . . Ἰλλυριῶν</w>:</emph> on the Perrhaebians see xviii. 46. 5 n. At <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tempe&groupId=1015&placeId=1786">Tempe</a> the previous year they had claimed Gonnocondylus, Malloea, and Ericinium, as not being 'originally' Aetolian (Livy, xxxix. 25. 16–17), but Philip claimed to have received them from Acilius (Livy, xxxix. 26. 10–11). The Athamanians (cf. iv. 16. 9 n.) 'libertatem repetebant et castella Athenaeum et Poetneum' (cf. xxii. 6. 3 n.). Neither Epirotes nor Illyrians were represented at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tempe&groupId=1015&placeId=1786">Tempe</a>; the latter are perhaps the Penestae, later mentioned as amici of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (Livy, xliii. 21. 2; cf. Polaschek, RE, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Parthini&groupId=846&placeId=1527">Parthini</a>', col. 2038; below, xxviii. 8. 11 n.).

23.1.11 - 23.1.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">περὶ συμβολαίων κτλ</w>.:</emph> 'about debts due to them and the injustice they had suffered (sc. in attempts to recover them)'.

23.1.12 - 23.1.12

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ τὸ σύμβολον</w>:</emph> cf. § 2 n. For the arbitration tribunals cf. Livy, xxxix. 26. 14, 'de iniuriis quas ultro citroque illatas querantur, quo modo inter eas gentes et Macedonas disceptetur, formulam iuris exsequendi constituendam esse' (decision taken at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tempe&groupId=1015&placeId=1786">Tempe</a>, 185). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐκκόπτειν τὴν δικαιοδοσίαν</w>:</emph> cf. xx. 6. 2. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὡς παραβεβραβευμένοι</w>:</emph> 'as victims of a perversion of justice'.

23.1.13 - 23.1.13

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ποικίλη τις . . . ἀκρισία καὶ δυσχώρητος</w>:</emph> cf. v. 48. 5; 'a confused and incomprehensible imbroglio'; <w lang="el-GR">δυσχώρητος</w> can be 'inextricable' or 'incomprehensible' (see Schweighaeuser ad loc.).

Polybius, Histories

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Walbank Commentary

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