Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 2 - Chapter 65

<w lemma="%2Atou%3D">Τοῦ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="qe%2Frous">θέρους</w> <w lemma="e%29nistame%2Fnou">ἐνισταμένου</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunelqo%2Fntwn">συνελθόντων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedo%2Fnwn">Μακεδόνων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="xeimasi%2Fas">χειμασίας</w>, <w lemma="a%29nalabw%5Cn">ἀναλαβὼν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="stratia%5Cn">στρατιὰν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anti%2Fgonos">Ἀντίγονος</w> <w lemma="proh%3Dge">προῆγε</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="summa%2Fxwn">συμμάχων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Alakwnikh%2Fn">Λακωνικήν</w>,

<w lemma="e%29%2Fxwn">ἔχων</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedo%2Fnas">Μακεδόνας</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="fa%2Flagga">φάλαγγα</w> <w lemma="muri%2Fous">μυρίους</w>, <w lemma="peltasta%5Cs">πελταστὰς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="trisxili%2Fous">τρισχιλίους</w>, <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="triakosi%2Fous">τριακοσίους</w>, <w lemma="%2A%29agria%3Dnas">Ἀγριᾶνας</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="su%5Cn">σὺν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="xili%2Fous">χιλίους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Agala%2Ftas">Γαλάτας</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllous">ἄλλους</w> <w lemma="tosou%2Ftous">τοσούτους</w>, <w lemma="misqofo%2Frous">μισθοφόρους</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="pezou%5Cs">πεζοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="trisxili%2Fous">τρισχιλίους</w>, <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="triakosi%2Fous">τριακοσίους</w>,

<w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pile%2Fktous">ἐπιλέκτους</w> <w lemma="pezou%5Cs">πεζοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="trisxili%2Fous">τρισχιλίους</w>, <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="triakosi%2Fous">τριακοσίους</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Amegalopoli%2Ftas">Μεγαλοπολίτας</w> <w lemma="xili%2Fous">χιλίους</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedoniko%5Cn">Μακεδονικὸν</w> <w lemma="tro%2Fpon">τρόπον</w> <w lemma="kaqwplisme%2Fnous">καθωπλισμένους</w>, <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="h%28gei%3Dto">ἡγεῖτο</w> <w lemma="%2Akerkida%3Ds">Κερκιδᾶς</w> <w lemma="%2Amegalopoli%2Fths">Μεγαλοπολίτης</w>, <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="summa%2Fxwn">συμμάχων</w> <w lemma="%2Aboiwtw%3Dn">Βοιωτῶν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="pezou%5Cs">πεζοὺς</w> <w lemma="disxili%2Fous">δισχιλίους</w>,

<w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="diakosi%2Fous">διακοσίους</w>, <w lemma="%2A%29hpeirwtw%3Dn">Ἠπειρωτῶν</w> <w lemma="pezou%5Cs">πεζοὺς</w> <w lemma="xili%2Fous">χιλίους</w>, <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="penth%2Fkonta">πεντήκοντα</w>, <w lemma="%2A%29akarna%2Fnwn">Ἀκαρνάνων</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllous">ἄλλους</w> <w lemma="tosou%2Ftous">τοσούτους</w>, <w lemma="%2A%29illuriw%3Dn">Ἰλλυριῶν</w> <w lemma="xili%2Fous">χιλίους</w> <w lemma="e%28cakosi%2Fous">ἑξακοσίους</w>, <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="%2Adhmh%2Ftrios">Δημήτριος</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Afa%2Frios">Φάριος</w>,

<w lemma="w%28%2Fst%27">ὥστ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsan">πᾶσαν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnamin">δύναμιν</w> <w lemma="pezou%5Cs">πεζοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="dismuri%2Fous">δισμυρίους</w> <w lemma="o%29ktakisxili%2Fous">ὀκτακισχιλίους</w>, <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="xili%2Fous">χιλίους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diakosi%2Fous">διακοσίους</w>.

<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Akleome%2Fnhs">Κλεομένης</w> <w lemma="prosdokw%3Dn">προσδοκῶν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffodon">ἔφοδον</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllas">ἄλλας</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fran">χώραν</w> <w lemma="ei%29sbola%5Cs">εἰσβολὰς</w> <w lemma="h%29sfali%2Fsato">ἠσφαλίσατο</w> <w lemma="fulakai%3Ds">φυλακαῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%2Ffrois">τάφροις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="de%2Fndrwn">δένδρων</w> <w lemma="e%29kkopai%3Ds">ἐκκοπαῖς</w>,

<w lemma="au%29to%5Cs">αὐτὸς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Asellasi%2Fan">Σελλασίαν</w> <w lemma="kaloume%2Fnhn">καλουμένην</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmews">δυνάμεως</w> <w lemma="e%29stratope%2Fdeue">ἐστρατοπέδευε</w>, <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fshs">πάσης</w> <w lemma="u%28parxou%2Fshs">ὑπαρχούσης</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="stratia%3Ds">στρατιᾶς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="muria%2Fdas">μυριάδας</w>, <w lemma="stoxazo%2Fmenos">στοχαζόμενος</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fth%7C">ταύτῃ</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsasqai">ποιήσασθαι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="u%28penanti%2Fous">ὑπεναντίους</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ei%29sbolh%2Fn:">εἰσβολήν·</w> <w lemma="o%28%5C">ὃ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="suneku%2Frhse">συνεκύρησε</w>.

<w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Ffwn">λόφων</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29th%3Ds">αὐτῆς</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="ei%29so%2Fdou">εἰσόδου</w> <w lemma="keime%2Fnwn">κειμένων</w>, <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29%2Fan">Εὔαν</w>, <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fteron">ἕτερον</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Folumpon">Ὄλυμπον</w> <w lemma="kalei%3Dsqai">καλεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w>,

<w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28dou%3D">ὁδοῦ</w> <w lemma="metacu%5C">μεταξὺ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aoi%29nou%3Dnta">Οἰνοῦντα</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cn">ποταμὸν</w> <w lemma="ferou%2Fshs">φερούσης</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Aspa%2Frthn">Σπάρτην</w>, <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2Akleome%2Fnhs">Κλεομένης</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnwn">προειρημένων</w> <w lemma="lo%2Ffwn">λόφων</w> <w lemma="suna%2Fmfw">συνάμφω</w> <w lemma="ta%2Ffron">τάφρον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="xa%2Fraka">χάρακα</w> <w lemma="probalo%2Fmenos">προβαλόμενος</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29%2Fan">Εὔαν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ftace">ἔταξε</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="perioi%2Fkous">περιοίκους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="summa%2Fxous">συμμάχους</w>, <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="e%29pe%2Fsthse">ἐπέστησε</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29delfo%5Cn">ἀδελφὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29klei%2Fdan">Εὐκλείδαν</w>, <w lemma="au%29to%5Cs">αὐτὸς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Folumpon">Ὄλυμπον</w> <w lemma="katei%3Dxe">κατεῖχε</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Alakedaimoni%2Fwn">Λακεδαιμονίων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="misqofo%2Frwn">μισθοφόρων</w>.

<w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29pipe%2Fdois">ἐπιπέδοις</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="potamo%5Cn">ποταμὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Ftera">ἑκάτερα</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="o%28dou%3D">ὁδοῦ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Frous">μέρους</w> <w lemma="tino%5Cs">τινὸς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="misqofo%2Frwn">μισθοφόρων</w> <w lemma="parene%2Fbalen">παρενέβαλεν</w>.

<w lemma="%2A%29anti%2Fgonos">Ἀντίγονος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="parageno%2Fmenos">παραγενόμενος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sunqewrh%2Fsas">συνθεωρήσας</w> <w lemma="th%2Fn">τήν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpwn">τόπων</w> <w lemma="o%29xuro%2Fthta">ὀχυρότητα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Akleome%2Fnh">Κλεομένη</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsi">πᾶσι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="oi%29kei%2Fois">οἰκείοις</w> <w lemma="me%2Fresi">μέρεσι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmews">δυνάμεως</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="eu%29sto%2Fxws">εὐστόχως</w> <w lemma="prokateilhfo%2Fta">προκατειληφότα</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="eu%29kairi%2Fas">εὐκαιρίας</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="paraplh%2Fsion">παραπλήσιον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fmpan">σύμπαν</w> <w lemma="sxh%3Dma">σχῆμα</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="stratopedei%2Fas">στρατοπεδείας</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29gaqw%3Dn">ἀγαθῶν</w> <w lemma="o%28ploma%2Fxwn">ὁπλομάχων</w> <w lemma="probolh%3Ds:">προβολῆς·</w>

<w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fleipe">ἀπέλειπε</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%2Fqesin">ἐπίθεσιν</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="fulakh%2Fn">φυλακήν</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="o%28mou%3D">ὁμοῦ</w> <w lemma="para%2Ftacis">παράταξις</w> <w lemma="e%29nergo%5Cs">ἐνεργὸς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parembolh%5C">παρεμβολὴ</w> <w lemma="duspro%2Fsodos:">δυσπρόσοδος·</w>

<w lemma="dio%5C">διὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="e%29fo%2Fdou">ἐφόδου</w> <w lemma="katapeira%2Fzein">καταπειράζειν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sumple%2Fkesqai">συμπλέκεσθαι</w>

Early in summer, on the Macedonians and Achaeans rejoining from their winter quarters, Antigonus advanced with his own army and the allies into <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Laconia&groupId=662&placeId=1211">Laconia</a>.

His Macedonian forces consisted of ten thousand to form the phalanx, three thousand peltasts, and three hundred horse. He had besides a thousand Agrianians, and a thousand Gauls, while his mercenary force numbered three thousand foot and three hundred horse.

The Achaeans furnished three thousand picked infantry and three hundred horse. There were also a thousand Megalopolitans armed in the Macedonian manner under the command of Cercidas of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Megalopolis&groupId=745&placeId=1360">Megalopolis</a>.

The allies consisted of two thousand Boeotian foot and two hundred horse, a thousand Epirot foot and fifty horse, the same number of Acarnanians, and one thousand six hundred Illyrians under the command of Demetrius of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pharos&groupId=879&placeId=1586">Pharos</a>.

His total force thus amounted to twenty-eight thousand foot and one thousand two hundred horse.

Cleomenes, who expected the invasion, had occupied the other passes into <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Laconia&groupId=662&placeId=1211">Laconia</a>, placing garrisons in them and fortifying them by means of trenches and barricades of trees,

and himself encamped at a place called <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a>, with a force of twenty thousand men, as he conjectured that the invaders would most likely take this route, as in fact they did.

At the actual pass there are two hills, one called <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Euas&groupId=583&placeId=1090">Euas</a> and the other Olympus,

the road to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a> running between these along the bank of the river <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Oenous&groupId=804&placeId=1453">Oenous</a>. Cleomenes, having fortified both of these hills with a trench and palisade, posted on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Euas&groupId=583&placeId=1090">Euas</a> the perioeci and allies under the command of his brother Eucleidas, while he himself held Olympus with the Spartans and mercenaries.

On the low ground beside the river on each side of the road he drew up his cavalry and a certain portion of the mercenaries.

Antigonus on his arrival observed the great natural strength of the position and how Cleomenes had so cleverly occupied the advantageous points with the portions of his force suitable in each case, that his whole formation resembled a charge.

For attack and defence alike nothing was wanting, the position being at one and the same time a fortified camp difficult to approach and a line of battle ready for action.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

2.36.0 - 2.70.0

Events in Greece: rise of the Achaean League; theCleomenean War P. closes his <w lang="el-GR">προκατασκευή</w> with this survey of the earlier history of Macedon and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a>. He is clearly influenced by his own interests as an Achaean statesman, and his reason for not dealing similarly with events in Asia and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Egypt&groupId=556&placeId=368">Egypt</a> (37. 6) is not wholly convincing. Nevertheless, his decision can be justified. Under Philip V Macedon played a prominent part in the rise of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> to world dominion; and to an Achaean the growth of the League to embrace the whole <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Peloponnese&groupId=861&placeId=1552">Peloponnese</a> no doubt seemed an integral part of the story of the unification of the oecumene. Laqueur (10–11) and Gelzer (Hermes, 1940, 27–37) have argued that P. inserted the Achaean <w lang="el-GR">προκατασκευή</w> in his history only towards the end of his life, and after 146. Two passages (iii. 32. 2–3, xxxix. 8. 4–5) speak of the recording of western events from the First Punic War, but of Greek events only from the end of Aratus' Memoirs, i.e. 220; and Gelzer assumes that when P. wrote these the second half of book ii was not envisaged. Such passages as i. 13. 1–5 and iv. 1. 4–9 will also, he suggests, be later insertions; and the obvious difficulty created by references in these chapters to the Achaean League as still existent (38. 4, 42. 2 ff., 62. 4), which clearly date to before 146, he surmounts by the hypothesis of an earlier work composed to further the propaganda conducted for the return of the exiles after 166, and later incorporated in the main history. However, this thesis fails to account for 37. 8 ff., which forms an essential part of the introductory chapters, and must therefore, on Gelzer's hypothesis, have been written when the earlier work was grafted upon the main history, yet clearly implies the continued existence of the League. It is therefore to be rejected. M. Treu (Historia, 1954/5, 219–28) has valid criticism of Gelzer's hypothesis; but his own argument attributing this part of P.'s work to an excursus in his Life of Philopoemen is equally unconvincing. Granted P.'s Achaean upbringing, there is nothing in ii. 37–70 which does not spring naturally from his original scheme; and indeed the chapters have more relevance if composed before than after 146, when the contribution made by the League to oecumenical unity must have been much less apparent. On the use of the synoptic <milestone unit="page" n="215">[215]</milestone> method in these chapters see Lorenz, 31; but the argument of Sieg- fried (102 ff.) that P. regards the union of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Peloponnese&groupId=861&placeId=1552">Peloponnese</a> under <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> as the realization of A Stoic ideal (ein verkleinertes Abbild der stoischen Kosmopolis) is unconvincing. On the Achaean <w lang="el-GR">προκατασκευή</w> Gelzer, Kl. Schr. iii. 206, now believes with Ziegler (RE, 'Polybios', col. 1476) that in 168 the Achaica was more or less complete; he suggests that P.'s work on the Philopoemen led him to conceive the idea of continuing Aratus. See now xxxix. 8. 1–8 n., arguing that Gelzer's hypothesis that the Achaean section of book ii was composed before 168 but not included in the Histories until very late, indeed after the composition of the epilogue, is to be accepted as the most reasonable solution of the problems raised here and by iii. 32. 2.

2.65.2 - 2.65.5

Doson's forces can be set out in tabular form (cf. Kromayer, AS, i. 228): <table cols="4" rows="12"> <row> <cell> Macedonian phalangites <emph rend="bold">. . .</emph> </cell> <cell>10,000</cell> <cell>Cavalry</cell> <cell>300</cell> </row> <row> <cell> Macedonian peltasts <emph rend="bold">. . .</emph> <emph rend="bold">.</emph> </cell> <cell>3,000</cell> <cell /> <cell /> </row> <row> <cell> Agriaonians. <emph rend="bold">. . . .</emph> <emph rend="bold">.</emph> </cell> <cell>1,000</cell> <cell /> <cell /> </row> <row> <cell> Gauls. <emph rend="bold">. . . .</emph> <emph rend="bold">.</emph> </cell> <cell>1,000</cell> <cell /> <cell /> </row> <row> <cell> Mercenaries. <emph rend="bold">. . . .</emph> <emph rend="bold">.</emph> </cell> <cell>3,000</cell> <cell>Cavalry</cell> <cell>300</cell> </row> <row> <cell> Achaeans. <emph rend="bold">. . . .</emph> <emph rend="bold">.</emph> </cell> <cell>3,000</cell> <cell>Cavalry</cell> <cell>300</cell> </row> <row> <cell> Megalopolitans. <emph rend="bold">. . . .</emph> <emph rend="bold">.</emph> </cell> <cell>1,000</cell> <cell /> <cell /> </row> <row> <cell> Boeotians. <emph rend="bold">. . . . .</emph> <emph rend="bold">.</emph> </cell> <cell>2,00</cell> <cell>Cavalry</cell> <cell>200</cell> </row> <row> <cell> Epirotes <emph rend="bold">. . . . .</emph> <emph rend="bold">.</emph> </cell> <cell>1,000</cell> <cell>Cavalry</cell> <cell>50</cell> </row> <row> <cell> Acarnanians <emph rend="bold">. . . .</emph> <emph rend="bold">.</emph> </cell> <cell>1,000</cell> <cell>Cavalry</cell> <cell>50</cell> </row> <row> <cell> Illyrians <emph rend="bold">. . . . .</emph> <emph rend="bold">.</emph> </cell> <cell>1,600</cell> <cell /> <cell /> </row> <row> <cell> Total <emph rend="bold">. . . . .</emph> Foot </cell> <cell>27,600</cell> <cell>Hores</cell> <cell>1,200</cell> </row> </table> This matches P.'s total, except that (§ 5) he rounds off the infantry to 'about 28,000'. The small proportion of cavalry in this army is noteworthy. Alexander's army crossed the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Hellespont&groupId=620&placeId=1141">Hellespont</a> with foot to horse in the proportion of 6: 1. The number of national Macedonian <milestone unit="page" n="273">[273]</milestone> troops is also noteworthy for its smallness. For a general discussion of Macedonian armies at this time see Walbank, Philip, 289–94.

2.65.7 - 2.65.7

The site of the battle: see Kromayer, AS, i. 215–23, Karten I and V.a According to the most probable identification, that of Kromayer, Cleomenes placed his forces astride the Oenus (modern Kelephina) valley, about 1 km. south of the (modern) Khan of Krevatas, and 4 km. north of the hill-fortress of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a>. Round about this point the routes from Asea and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tegea&groupId=1011&placeId=1780">Tegea</a> via the Khan of Kryavrisi, and those from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tegea&groupId=1011&placeId=1780">Tegea</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Argos&groupId=361&placeId=689">Argos</a> via Arachova and the passes of H. Petros and Kastanitza, have all united, and continue for some distance along the Oenus valley (cf. § 9), to leave it again before the river plunges into a narrow gorge some 4 km. downstream. The two hills <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Euas&groupId=583&placeId=1090">Euas</a> and Olympus (§ 8) Kromayer has identified with the modern Palaeogoulas (108 m. above the river) and Kotselovouni (152 m. above the river) respectively, the latter (also called Melissi) being in fact the forward spur of the hill of Provatares, to the north; see his map. Immediately north of Palaeogoulas, and lying between it and the Heights of Turla, is a side-valley called Kourmeki, along which there now runs a cart-track from the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a>–Tripolitza road; and this Kromayer identifies with the valley of the Gorgylos (66. 1), which played an important part in the action. This identification was challenged by Soteriades (BCH, 1910, 5–57; 1911, 87–107, 241–2), who argues that the ancient route also left the Oenus valley up that of Kourmeki, and claims that a fortification, of which traces remain on Palaeogoulas, was a fifth-century work covering this road. Admittedly Soteriades has placed a finger on a weak point in Kromayer's reconstruction. There seems no reason why the ancient route should make an hour's detour south of Palaeogoulas; and though Kromayer has found ancient wheel tracks in the valley of M\?\lou Rma, where he supposes the ancient road to have ascended to the site of the Khan of Vourlia, they do not prove that this was in fact the road from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tegea&groupId=1011&placeId=1780">Tegea</a>. On the other hand, Kahrstedt (Hermes, 1913, 288) failed to discover the traces of an ancient road up Kourmeki, which Soteriades claimed to have identified; and, in any case, even if the road followed Kourmeki, this would not disprove <milestone unit="page" n="277">[277]</milestone> Kromayer's identification, since the Kourmeki valley would be controlled by a Spartan force holding Palaeogoulas. This would, of course, mean that P.'s description of the site was at fault in one important particularthe placing of the Spartan army astride the road; and this would in turn imply that his knowledge of the site was less detailed than Kromayer supposes. There is, incidentally, some evidence of a similar confusion in P. concerning a not dissimilar site, the pass of the Viossa, where Philip held the Romans in 198; cf. Walbank, Philip, 149–50 n. 1. However, Soteriades has not done more than raise queries; and Kromayer's site still offers the greatest plausibility, and can be easily adapted to P.'s detailed description of the battle. For a convenient summary, substantially accepting Kromayer, see Honigmann (RE, <w lang="el-GR">Σελλασία</w>, cols. 1317–20), who, on P.'s description of the engagement, rightly concludes that it is 'obviously somewhat schematic and omits subsidiary detail, thereby lending itself to frequent criticism'. W. K. Pritchett, 59–70, has a new site for the battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a>. He makes Provatares Olympus but sites <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Euas&groupId=583&placeId=1090">Euas</a> at Troules, further north than Kromayer's position; Palaeogoulas (Kromayer's <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Euas&groupId=583&placeId=1090">Euas</a>) he identifies as <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a>, and Gorgylos he believes to be the small tributary of the Oenus, just south of the Khan of Krevatas. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῆς . . . στρατιᾶς εἰς δύο μυριάδας</w>:</emph> cf. Plut. Cleom. 27. 11 (quoting P.). As a round figure it is probably on the large side. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">στοχαζόμενος . . . ταύτῃ ποιήσασθαι . . . τὴν εἰσβολήν</w>:</emph> it was here that Epaminondas' four converging columns met in his invasion of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Laconia&groupId=662&placeId=1211">Laconia</a> in the winter of 370/69 (Diod. xv. 64. 5).

Specifics

2.65.1 - 2.65.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐκ τῆς χειμασίας</w>:</emph> cf. 54. 14, 64. 1, 64. 3. The joint force did not move till 'early summer'; perhaps the Macedonians were late in returning from their agricultural work at home.

2.65.2 - 2.65.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πελταστάς</w>:</emph> the peltasts of the Antigonid armies were the equivalent of Alexander's hypaspists, a crack force which fought alongside the phalanx in battle, but was called upon for any special duties, e.g. ambushes, forced marches, and special expeditions. At this time their total was probably 3,000, though by 168 there were 5,000; like Alexander's hypaspists they were apparently organized in chiliarchies. Of their uniform nothing definite is known; but, despite their smaller shields, their armour was sufficiently heavy to allow them to fight along with the phalanx. See, further, § 3 n.; and Walbank, Philip, 291–3. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀγριᾶνας</w>:</emph> the Agrianians were a Thraco–Macedonian people living about Rhodope and the source of the Strymon (cf. Hirschfeld, RE, 'Agrianes (1)', col. 891; Launey, i. 404 ff.). Their weapon was the\?\ javelin (Arrian, Anab. i. 14. 1, iii. 13. 5), sling, or bow and arrow (v. 79. 6), and they formed one of the most useful and energetic corps in Alexander's army (cf. Berve, i. 125, 137 ff.), frequently acting along with the hypaspists on special operations. Whether Alexander's Agrianians served as allies or mercenaries is unknown (Griffith, 14). At <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a>, however, they are distinguished from the mercenaries (Launey, i. 406 against Griffith, 70), and were either subjects or allies. Cf. v. 79. 6. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Γαλάτας</w>:</emph> probably Gauls from Europe, not Galatians from Asia Minor (so Treves). On their use as mercenaries see Griffith, 252; but here P. distinguishes them from the mercenaries <w lang="el-GR">(μισθοφόρους . . . τοὺς πάντας)</w>, and Launey (i. 517) suggests that they were provided 'par un roitelet barbare, en vertu d'un trait symmachique'. Later Philip V used Gallic cavalry; cf. v. 3. 2, 17. 4; but the Gauls at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a> are infantry (Schweighaeuser, 'Index Hist. et Geog.', s.v. Galli, makes them cavalry).

2.65.3 - 2.65.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀχαιῶν . . . Μεγαλοπολίτας . . . Κερκιδᾶ?ς</w>:</emph> the Achaean forces are small (though larger than those of any of the other allies). No doubt Doson determined the relative numbers to be furnished by the members of the new Symmachy, and the Achaeans provided what was required. On the meaning of <w lang="el-GR">ἐπίλεκτοι</w>, 'picked men' (cf. v. 91. 6), not merely 'levied', see Aymard (ACA, 86 n.) and Feyel (203); on their age Aymard (ACA, 95 n. 1: not necessarily under 30) and Feyel, who suggests (204 n. 3) that they were a permanent corps of young men of good family; cf. Syll. 731 for such a body at Tomi in the first century. These Achaean <w lang="el-GR">ἐπίλεκτοι</w> appear elsewhere (cf. iv. 10. 2 n., v. 3. 2, 91. 6, etc.) and this is against Treves' view that 'Achaean' here means 'inhabitants of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a>', and does not refer to League forces. The appearance of a separate Megalopolitan contingent can be explained as a reflection of the special role of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Megalopolis&groupId=745&placeId=1360">Megalopolis</a> (and <milestone unit="page" n="274">[274]</milestone> Cercidas) in the negotiations with Doson (48. 4 n.) and the old ties of that city with Macedon, but mainly by the fact that the Megalopolitans were armed by Doson (see next note). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">εἰς τὸν Μακεδονικὸν τρόπον καθωπλισμένους</w>?:</emph> these Megalopolitan forces were armed with bronze shields, i.e. they were <w lang="el-GR">χαλκάσπιδες</w> (cf. v. 91. 7, where, however, they include cavalry). Doson armed them because they had lost their own resources (iv. 69. 5). For Macedonian arms cf. Plut. Cleom. 23. 1 (of Cleomenes), <w lang="el-GR">δισχιλίους δὲ προσκαθοπλίσας Μακεδονικῶς ἀντίταγμα τοῖς παρ᾿ Ἀντιγόνου λευκάσπι- σιν</w>, ibid. 11. 3 for a description of the arms. Antigonus' 'Whiteshields', like the 'Bronzeshields' in his army at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a> (66. 5 n.), recall Alexander's Argyraspides, 'Silvershields' (Arrian, Anab. vii. 11. 3, where these are hypaspists). At <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pydna&groupId=919&placeId=1647">Pydna</a> (168) Perseus' leucaspis phalanx (Livy, xliv. 41. 2 from P.) and his chalcaspides (ibid.) are apparently distinct from his caetrati, i.e. peltasts in P.'s sense of the word (cf. § 2 n.) (cf. Kromayer, AS, ii. 323; iv. 607 against Meyer, Kl. Schr. ii. 483 and Tarn, HMND, 17); and in iv. 67. 6 Philip's <w lang="el-GR">χαλκάσπιδες</w> (who were armed like the Megalopolitans at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a>, cf. iv. 69. 5) are also distinct from the peltasts. However, this does not imply any difference in weight of armour. The peltasts, like the hypaspists before them, frequently take their place in the phalanx, as at Cynoscephalae, where they are classed with the phalangites and distinguished from the light-armed (xviii. 24. 8; Walbank, Philip, 292). Both Cleomenes' recruits and Cercidas' Megalopolitans at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a> will have been armed with the Macedonian sarissa (a 21-foot spear), helmet, sword, shield (of 20 in. diameter), breastplate, and greaves; cf. Philip, 289. Macedonian arms were widely adopted by Greek states in the course of this century; for the Boeotian reform of 245 see Feyel (193 ff., 213–15), and, in general, Launey (i. 361 ff.).

2.65.4 - 2.65.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Βοιωτῶν</w>:</emph> on the relations between Boeotia and Macedon at this time see Feyel, 106–35. Whether an alliance preceded the formation of the Symmachy in 224/3 is unknown; cf. 49. 6 n. The size of the Boeotian contingent, the largest after the Achaean, indicates the importance of this state in the Alliance. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἠπειρωτῶν . . . Ἀκαρνάνων</w>:</emph> both friendly with Macedon since the Illyrian alliance of 230 (6. 9 n.). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἰλλυριῶν . . . ἐφ᾿ ὧν ἦν Δημήτριος ὁ Φάριος</w>:</emph> Demetrius (10. 8, 11. 17 n.) had allied himself with Macedon (cf. iii. 16. 3); but whatever his future plans, there are no grounds for thinking of him as already party to a Macedonian 'western policy' (so Treves, Athen., 1935, 46). P. reckons Demetrius' forces as allies, not mercenaries (cf. Griffith, 70, against Tarn, AG, 425–6); but Demetrius was a personal ally of Doson, not apparently a member of the Hellenic Symmachy (Holleaux, 131 n. 3).

2.65.6 - 2.65.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὰς μὲν ἄλλας . . . εἰσβολὰς ἠσφαλίσατο κτλ</w>.:</emph> see Kromayer, AS, <milestone unit="page" n="275">[275]</milestone> i. 210–15. Cleomenes' defences were merely designed to delay the enemy (should he follow any of these other routes into <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Laconia&groupId=662&placeId=1211">Laconia</a>) until the Spartan army could march round from the position it had occupied (on which cf. § 7 n.). These other passes were primarily (a) those carrying the roads from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Megalopolis&groupId=745&placeId=1360">Megalopolis</a> and Asea, which joined a little north of the Athenaeum (Mt. Khelmos), and were probably covered by a Spartan force stationed in one of the gorges north or south of Pellene on the Eurotas (see Kromayer, op. cit., Karte I); (b) the coastal road from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Argos&groupId=361&placeId=689">Argos</a> over Parnon, which could be covered by a force at the (modern) monastery of H. Saranda, south-east of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a>. Both positions could be reached from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a> within a few hours. <figure> <graphic url="2001.gif" scale="100%" /> </figure> 5. THE BATTLE OF SELLASIA. Based on Kromayer <milestone unit="page" n="276">[276]</milestone>

2.65.9 - 2.65.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τάφρον καὶ χάρακα προβαλόμενος</w>:</emph> a continuous line from hill to hill is hardly possible, given the lie of the land, and Kromayer (AS, i. 227 n. 4) thinks of a broken line, with rudimentary camps as part of the system built on the slopes, and strong fortifications on the summit. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς περιοίκους καὶ συμμάχους</w>:</emph> the Perioeci (cf. iv. 34. 9) were the non-Spartiate inhabitants of the hills and coastal parts of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Laconia&groupId=662&placeId=1211">Laconia</a>, farmers of free status, and in the main originally Spartan colonists. They counted as <w lang="el-GR">Λακεδαιμόνιοι</w> in foreign relations, but within the state they possessed no political rights, these being the monopoly of the Spartiates. As Lacedaemonians they shared the obligation of all citizens to serve in war; internally they were de facto subjects of the Spartiate <w lang="el-GR">ὅμοιοι</w>. See in general F. Hampl, Hermes, 1937, 1 ff. (summary, 39–41); J. A. O. Larsen, RE, <w lang="el-GR">Περίοικοι</w>, cols. 816–22; H. Michell, 64–74. After his coup of 227/6 Cleomenes had taken many of them into the Spartiate body, so as to form a corps of 4,000 (Plut. Cleom. 11. 3), and armed them in the Macedonian fashion. The allies are probably from Peloponnesian towns (or even contingents of supporters from pro-Achaean towns) who remained faithful to Cleomenes' cause. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Εὐκλείδαν</w>:</emph> Cleomenes had made this younger brother king in 226 after the death of his colleague Archidamus, though it was unprecedented to have both kings from the same house (Plut. Cleom. 11. 5); on his death see 68. 10 n. <milestone unit="page" n="278">[278]</milestone> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μετὰ Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ τῶν μισθοφόρων</w>:</emph> the 'Lacedaemonians' are the Spartiate phalanx of 6,000 (Plut. Cleom. 28. 8); and the mercenaries on Olympus came to nearly the same figure (69. 3, the fight was opened by 5,000; but there would be others guarding the camp on Olympus (cf. 69. 6), and the slopes above the river, and otherwise not directly involved in the phalanx charges (Kromayer, AS, i. 226 n. 2)). They were hired with the Egyptian subsidy (51. 2, 63. 1) and perhaps with the help of the Megalopolitan booty (62. 9).

2.65.10 - 2.65.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς ἱππεῖς? μετὰ μέ?ρους τινὸς τῶν μισθοφόρων</w>:</emph> probably amounting together to, 1,000–2,000 out of the 7,000–8,000 left for the valley and the manning of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Euas&groupId=583&placeId=1090">Euas</a>. Kromayer (AS, i. 227 n. 1) points out that Doson used only 8,600 men to storm <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Euas&groupId=583&placeId=1090">Euas</a> from below (66. 5–6), whereas in the centre only the Megalopolitan attack forced the retreat of the mercenaries (67. 4–5). Thus Cleomenes' dispositions were: <table cols="2" rows="4"> <row> <cell>Right (Olympus) . .</cell> <cell>12,000 (6,000 Spartiates, c. 6,000 mercenaries)</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Centre . . .</cell> <cell>1,000–2,000 (cavalry and mercenaries)</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Left (<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Euas&groupId=583&placeId=1090">Euas</a>) . .</cell> <cell>5,000–6,000 (perioeci and allies)</cell> </row> <row> <cell>Total . . .</cell> <cell>Under 20,000</cell> </row> </table>

2.65.11 - 2.65.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πᾶσι τοῖς οἰκείοις μέρεσι τῆς δυνάμεως</w>:</emph> i.e. the cavalry in the plain, the phalanx on the wide slope of Olympus, etc. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ σύμπαν σχῆμα τῆς στρατοπεδείας</w>:</emph> 'the whole appearance of the disposition of forces'; <w lang="el-GR">στρατοπεδεία</w> has here a wider connotation than 'encampment' (its sense in 69. 6). In the comparison <w lang="el-GR">ὁπλομάχοι</w> may be heavy-armed troops (Xen. Resp. Lac. 11. 8) or teachers of heavyarmed fighting; the former is more probable. <w lang="el-GR">προβολή</w> denotes the attitude of the soldier in which the spear is levelled and the shield held forward in readiness for a hostile attack; cf. i. 22. 10, <w lang="el-GR">προβολὴ θυρεοῦ</w>, xv. 13. 9, <w lang="el-GR">προβάλλεσθαι</w> sc. <w lang="el-GR">τὰ δόρατα</w>.

2.65.12 - 2.65.12

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πρὸς ἐπίθεσιν ἅμα καὶ φυλακήν</w>:</emph> 'for offensive and defensive action alike'. Kromayer (AS. i. 227) compares Epaminondas' tactics; the forces on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Euas&groupId=583&placeId=1090">Euas</a> were the defensive wing, those on Olympus were designed, if necessary, for assault. The Spartan formation thus constituted a 'battle-line drawn up for action' <w lang="el-GR">(παράταξις ἐνεργός)</w> and a 'fortified camp hard of approach' <w lang="el-GR">(παρεμβολὴ δυσπρόσοδος)</w>.

Addenda & corrigenda

2.37.0 - 2.70.0

on the Achaean <w lang="el-GR">προκατασκευή</w>? Gelzer, Kl. Schr. iii. 206, now believes with Ziegler (RE, 'Polybios', col. 1476) that in 168 the Achaica was more or less complete; he suggests that P.'s work on the Philopoemen led him to conceive the idea of continuing Aratus.

2.65.0 - 2.69.0

A. E. Samuel, Ptolemaic Chronology (Mnchener Beitrge zur Papyrus-Forschung, 43), Munich, 1962, 106 f., dates Philopator's accession between 18 October and 31 December 222.

2.65.3 - 2.65.3

for "<w lang="el-GR">ἐπιλεκτοί</w>" read "<w lang="el-GR">ἐπίλεκτοι</w>".

2.65.7 - 2.65.7

W. K. Pritchett, 59–70, has a new site for the battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a>. He makes Provatares Olympus but sites <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Euas&groupId=583&placeId=1090">Euas</a> at Troules, further north than Kromayer's position; Palaeogoulas (Kromayer's <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Euas&groupId=583&placeId=1090">Euas</a>) he identifies as <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a>, and Gorgylos he believes to be the small tributary of the Oenus, just south of the Khan of Krevatas.

2.37.0 - 2.70.0

see now xxxix. 8. 1–8 n., arguing that Gelzer's hypothesis that the Achaean section of book ii was composed before 168 but not included in the Histories until very late, indeed after the composition of the epilogue, is to be accepted as the most reasonable solution of the problems raised here and by iii. 32. 2.

2.65.0 - 2.69.0

Euergetes' death is put between 18 Oct. and 31 Dec. 222 by Samuel, 106 ff.; cf. Bengtson, S.-B. Mnchen, 1971, 3, 53. On the Spartan and Macedonian forces at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a> see the unpersuasive discussion by M. Daubies, Historia, 1971, 665–95; he argues that the 6,000 Lacedaemonians (65. 9) consist of 4,000 Spartiates with 2,000 perioeci, that <w lang="el-GR">τῶν Μακεδόνων τοὺς χαλκάσπιδας</w> (66. 5) are the 2,000 Agrianians and Galatians (though at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pydna&groupId=919&placeId=1647">Pydna</a> they were Macedonians), and that Antigonus' light-armed are to be identified with the peltasts (69. 3). See also R. Urban, Chiron, 1973, 95–102, with Daubies's reply, Hommages Praux, 383–92.

Polybius, Histories

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