Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 18 - Chapter 47

<w lemma="%2Adielqou%2Fshs">Διελθούσης</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="panhgu%2Frews">πανηγύρεως</w> <w lemma="prw%2Ftois">πρώτοις</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29xrhma%2Ftisan">ἐχρημάτισαν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29antio%2Fxou">Ἀντιόχου</w> <w lemma="presbeutai%3Ds">πρεσβευταῖς</w>, <w lemma="diakeleuo%2Fmenoi">διακελευόμενοι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asi%2Fas">Ἀσίας</w> <w lemma="po%2Flewn">πόλεων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="au%29tono%2Fmwn">αὐτονόμων</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fxesqai">ἀπέχεσθαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mhdemia%3D%7C">μηδεμιᾷ</w> <w lemma="polemei%3Dn">πολεμεῖν</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fsas">ὅσας</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="parei%2Flhfe">παρείληφε</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Aptolemai%3Don">Πτολεμαῖον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Afi%2Flippon">Φίλιππον</w> <w lemma="tattome%2Fnwn">ταττομένων</w>, <w lemma="e%29kxwrei%3Dn">ἐκχωρεῖν</w>.

<w lemma="su%5Cn">σὺν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftois">τούτοις</w> <w lemma="prohgo%2Freuon">προηγόρευον</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="diabai%2Fnein">διαβαίνειν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29rw%2Fphn">Εὐρώπην</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmews:">δυνάμεως·</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%2Fna">οὐδένα</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellh%2Fnwn">Ἑλλήνων</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2Fte">οὔτε</w> <w lemma="polemei%3Dsqai">πολεμεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="u%28p%27">ὑπ᾽</w> <w lemma="ou%29deno%5Cs">οὐδενὸς</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2Fte">οὔτε</w> <w lemma="douleu%2Fein">δουλεύειν</w> <w lemma="ou%29deni%2F">οὐδενί</w>.

<w lemma="kaqo%2Flou">καθόλου</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3Dn">αὑτῶν</w> <w lemma="tinas">τινας</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffasan">ἔφασαν</w> <w lemma="h%28%2Fcein">ἥξειν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anti%2Foxon">Ἀντίοχον</w>.

<w lemma="tau%2Ftas">ταύτας</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hghsia%2Fnakta">Ἡγησιάνακτα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Alusi%2Fan">Λυσίαν</w> <w lemma="labo%2Fntes">λαβόντες</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="a%29pokri%2Fseis">ἀποκρίσεις</w> <w lemma="e%29panh%3Dlqon:">ἐπανῆλθον·</w>

<w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftous">τούτους</w> <w lemma="ei%29sekalou%3Dnto">εἰσεκαλοῦντο</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntas">πάντας</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29qnw%3Dn">ἐθνῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="po%2Flewn">πόλεων</w> <w lemma="paragegono%2Ftas">παραγεγονότας</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="do%2Fcanta">δόξαντα</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="sunedri%2Fw%7C">συνεδρίῳ</w> <w lemma="diesa%2Ffoun">διεσάφουν</w>.

<w lemma="%2Amakedo%2Fnwn">Μακεδόνων</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ore%2Fstas">Ὀρέστας</w> <w lemma="kaloume%2Fnous">καλουμένους</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="prosxwrh%3Dsai">προσχωρῆσαι</w> <w lemma="sfi%2Fsi">σφίσι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="au%29tono%2Fmous">αὐτονόμους</w> <w lemma="a%29fei%3Dsan">ἀφεῖσαν</w>, <w lemma="h%29leuqe%2Frwsan">ἠλευθέρωσαν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Aperraibou%5Cs">Περραιβοὺς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Ado%2Flopas">Δόλοπας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Ama%2Fgnhtas">Μάγνητας</w>.

<w lemma="%2Aqettaloi%3Ds">Θετταλοῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29leuqeri%2Fas">ἐλευθερίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiou%5Cs">Ἀχαιοὺς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Afqiw%2Ftas">Φθιώτας</w> <w lemma="prose%2Fneiman">προσένειμαν</w>, <w lemma="a%29felo%2Fmenoi">ἀφελόμενοι</w> <w lemma="%2Aqh%2Fbas">Θήβας</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="%2Afqi%2Fas">Φθίας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Afa%2Frsalon:">Φάρσαλον·</w>

<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29twloi%5C">Αἰτωλοὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%2F">περί</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Afarsa%2Flou">Φαρσάλου</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flhn">μεγάλην</w> <w lemma="e%29poiou%3Dnto">ἐποιοῦντο</w> <w lemma="filotimi%2Fan">φιλοτιμίαν</w>, <w lemma="fa%2Fskontes">φάσκοντες</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3Dn">αὑτῶν</w> <w lemma="dei%3Dn">δεῖν</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxein">ὑπάρχειν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29c">ἐξ</w> <w lemma="a%29rxh%3Ds">ἀρχῆς</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fkas">συνθήκας</w>, <w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aleuka%2Fdos">Λευκάδος</w>.

<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="sunedri%2Fw%7C">συνεδρίῳ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flewn">πόλεων</w> <w lemma="u%28pere%2Fqento">ὑπερέθεντο</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29twloi%3Ds">Αἰτωλοῖς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="diabou%2Flion">διαβούλιον</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="su%2Fgklhton">σύγκλητον</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Afwke%2Fas">Φωκέας</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Alokrou%5Cs">Λοκροὺς</w> <w lemma="sunexw%2Frhsan">συνεχώρησαν</w> <w lemma="au%29toi%3Ds">αὐτοῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w>, <w lemma="kaqa%2Fper">καθάπερ</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dxon">εἶχον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w>, <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="sumpolitei%2Fa%7C">συμπολιτείᾳ</w>.

<w lemma="%2Ako%2Frinqon">Κόρινθον</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2Atrifuli%2Fan">Τριφυλίαν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28hraiw%3Dn">Ἡραιῶν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaioi%3Ds">Ἀχαιοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fdwkan">ἀπέδωκαν</w>. <w lemma="%2A%29wreo%5Cn">Ὠρεὸν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29eretrie%2Fwn">Ἐρετριέων</w> <w lemma="po%2Flin">πόλιν</w> <w lemma="e%29do%2Fkei">ἐδόκει</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fosin">πλείοσιν</w> <w lemma="%2Aeu%29me%2Fnei">Εὐμένει</w> <w lemma="dou%3Dnai:">δοῦναι·</w>

<w lemma="%2Ati%2Ftou">Τίτου</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fdrion">συνέδριον</w> <w lemma="diastei%2Flantos">διαστείλαντος</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29kurw%2Fqh">ἐκυρώθη</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="diabou%2Flion:">διαβούλιον·</w> <w lemma="dio%5C">διὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="meta%2F">μετά</w> <w lemma="tina">τινα</w> <w lemma="xro%2Fnon">χρόνον</w> <w lemma="h%29leuqerw%2Fqhsan">ἠλευθερώθησαν</w> <w lemma="ai%28">αἱ</w> <w lemma="po%2Fleis">πόλεις</w> <w lemma="au%28%3Dtai">αὗται</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="sugklh%2Ftou">συγκλήτου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="su%5Cn">σὺν</w> <w lemma="tau%2Ftais">ταύταις</w> <w lemma="%2Aka%2Frustos">Κάρυστος</w>.

<w lemma="e%29%2Fdwkan">ἔδωκαν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Apleura%2Ftw%7C">Πλευράτῳ</w> <w lemma="%2Aluxni%2Fda">Λυχνίδα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Apa%2Frqon">Πάρθον</w>, <w lemma="ou%29%2Fsas">οὔσας</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29illuri%2Fdas">Ἰλλυρίδας</w>, <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Afi%2Flippon">Φίλιππον</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tattome%2Fnas">ταττομένας</w>.

<w lemma="%2A%29amuna%2Fndrw%7C">Ἀμυνάνδρῳ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="sunexw%2Frhsan">συνεχώρησαν</w>, <w lemma="o%28%2Fsa">ὅσα</w> <w lemma="parespa%2Fsato">παρεσπάσατο</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="po%2Flemon">πόλεμον</w> <w lemma="e%29ru%2Fmata">ἐρύματα</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%2Fppou">Φιλίππου</w>, <w lemma="kratei%3Dn">κρατεῖν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w>.

When the festival was over, the commissioners first gave audience to the ambassadors of Antiochus. They ordered him, as regards the Asiatic cities, to keep his hands off those which were autonomous and make war on none of them and to withdraw from those previous subject to Ptolemy and Philip which he had recently taken.

At the same time they enjoined him not to cross to Europe with an army, for none of the Greeks were any lot being attacked by anyone or the subjects of anyone,

and they announced in general terms that some of their own body would come to see Antiochus.

Hegesianax and Lysias returned on receiving this answer, and after them the commissioners called before them all the representatives of different nations cities, and explained to them the decisions of the board.

As for <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> they gave autonomy to the tribe called Orestae for having joined them during the war, and freed the Perrhaebians, Dolopes, and Magnesians.

Besides giving the Thessalians their freedom they assigned to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thessaly&groupId=1028&placeId=1816">Thessaly</a> the Phthiotic Achaeans, taking away from it Phthiotic Thebes and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pharsalus&groupId=880&placeId=1587">Pharsalus</a>; for the Aetolians had claimed <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pharsalus&groupId=880&placeId=1587">Pharsalus</a> with great vehemence, saying that it ought to be theirs according to the terms of the original treaty and Leucas as we.

The members of the board deferred their decision until the Aetolians could lay the matter before the senate, but allowed them to include the Phocians and Locrians in their League, as had formerly been the case.

They gave <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a>, Triphylia, and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraea&groupId=626&placeId=1151">Heraea</a> to the Achaeans, and most members were in favour of giving <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Oreum&groupId=816&placeId=1474">Oreum</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Eretria&groupId=576&placeId=1079">Eretria</a> to Eumenes.

But Flamininus having addressed the board on that subject, the proposal was not ratified, so that after a short time these towns were set free by the senate as well as Carystus.

To Pleuratus they gave Lychnis and Parthus, which were Illyrian but subject to Philip,

and they allowed <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Amynander&groupId=324&placeId=631">Amynander</a> all the forts he had wrested from Philip in war.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

18.40.0 - 18.48.0

The Roman settlement in Greece and the Isthmus declaration These events of spring–summer 196 follow in Livy (xxxiii. 30. 1–35. 12) immediately after the account of the events in Boeotia.

Specifics

18.47.1 - 18.47.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐ χρημάτισαν τοῖς . . . πρεσβευταῖς</w>:</emph> sc. 'the commissioners'; on the members of the Seleucid embassy see § 4 n. Livy, xxxiii. 34. 2–3, also mentions an embassy, consisting of the same members, to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, and this is evidently the embassy of 198/7, described by Livy, xxxiii. 20. 8–9 (based on P.); against the view that it was a second embassy sent in 197/6, and that Hegesianax and Lysias had been referred by the Senate to the Ten see Holleaux, tudes, v. 156–63. Clearly Hegesianax and Lysias had been sent direct to Flamininus (cf. 50. 3). In view of Livy's text, Nissen convincingly suggests that there is compression in our text of P. at this point (cf. Holleaux, loc. cit. 161), and this would explain the omission of the subject of <w lang="el-GR">ἐ χρημάτισαν</w>. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν μὲν αὐτονόμων ἀπέχεσθαι</w>:</emph> two towns which had resisted Antiochus were <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lampsacus&groupId=666&placeId=1218">Lampsacus</a> in Aeolia and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Smyrna&groupId=981&placeId=1733">Smyrna</a> in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ionia&groupId=171&placeId=413">Ionia</a> (cf. Livy, xxxiii. 38. 3; on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lampsacus&groupId=666&placeId=1218">Lampsacus</a> see below, 49. 1); in the winter of 197/6 both appealed to Flamininus (App. Syr. 2) and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lampsacus&groupId=666&placeId=1218">Lampsacus</a> sent envoys first to its kinsmen in Massalia (both were Phocaean foundations) and then with the Massaliotes to the Senate, appealing to their mythical relationship with the Romans and asking to be included in the treaty (cf. Syll. 591; new readings in Wilhelm, Arch. Pap. xv, 1953, 80–88; new edition promised by L. Robert in the Parium and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lampsacus&groupId=666&placeId=1218">Lampsacus</a> volume of the Corpus; for discussion see Holleaux, tudes, v. 141–55, with bibliography by L. Robert on p. 141 n. 3; E. Bickermann, Phil. 1932, 277–99, who argues convincingly that <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lampsacus&groupId=666&placeId=1218">Lampsacus</a> was not included in the treaty with Philip). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὅσας . . . παρείληφε τῶν ὑπὸ Πτολεμαῖον καὶ φίλιππον ταττομένων</w>:</emph> <milestone unit="page" n="614">[614]</milestone> cf. 50. 5; Livy, xxxv. 16. 10 for the two categories. See for the former Hieron. in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Dan&groupId=122&placeId=359">Dan</a>. xi. 15–16, 'et ceperit (sc. Antiochus) alias urbes, quae prius a Ptolomaei partibus tenebantur, Syriae et Ciliciae et Lyciae. eo enim tempore captae sunt <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Aphrodisias&groupId=344&placeId=665">Aphrodisias</a> et Soloe et Zephyrium et Mallos et Anemurium et Selinus et Coracesium et Corycus et Andriace et Limyra et Patara et <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Xanthus&groupId=1060&placeId=1864">Xanthus</a> et ad extremum Ephesus' (probably based on P. via Porphyry: Holleaux, tudes, iv. 325). On Ephesus cf. 41 a 2. According to Livy, xxxiii. 20. 10, the Rhodians succeeded in turning him aside from Caunus (cf. xxx. 31. 6), <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Myndus&groupId=780&placeId=1414">Myndus</a>, Halicarnassus, and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Samos&groupId=944&placeId=1680">Samos</a>, described as ciuitates sociae Ptolomaei (for an inscription of Halicarnassus testifying Ptolemaic control cf. Wilhelm, Jahresh. 1908, 56 f.). The treaty between Miletus and Magnesia-on-the-Maeander, probably from 196 (Syll. 588 = Milet, i. 3 no. 148), shows these two cities, Heracleia-in-Latmos, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Priene&groupId=1093&placeId=1917">Priene</a>, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Samos&groupId=944&placeId=1680">Samos</a>, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Myndus&groupId=780&placeId=1414">Myndus</a>, Halicarnassus, and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Cnidus&groupId=481&placeId=902">Cnidus</a> as independent cities, which confirms the impression given by Hieronymus that Ptolemy and after him Antiochus had virtually no possessions between Patara and Ephesus; cf. Holleaux, tudes, iv. 325–6; for details, Schmitt, Antiochos, 279–82. The only towns left to Philip in Asia by 197, after Rhodian operations in the Peraea (Livy, xxxiii. 18. 1–22; the campaigns of Nicagoras mentioned in Syll. 586 (cf. GDI, 4269; Insc. Lind. 151, 152) probably belong to 201–198; see Hiller von Gaertringen, RE, Suppl.-B. v, 'Rhodos', col. 788; Fraser and Bean, 98–99; contra, Holleaux, tudes, iv. 308 n. 3), were <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Iasus&groupId=643&placeId=1177">Iasus</a>, Bargylia, Euromus, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pedasa&groupId=852&placeId=1535">Pedasa</a>, and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Abydus&groupId=268&placeId=523">Abydus</a>. Antiochus will have taken <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Iasus&groupId=643&placeId=1177">Iasus</a>, Euromus, and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pedasa&groupId=852&placeId=1535">Pedasa</a> in summer 197 for only Bargylia is mentioned at 48. 1; on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Iasus&groupId=643&placeId=1177">Iasus</a> see 44. 4 n. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Abydus&groupId=268&placeId=523">Abydus</a>, still in Philip's hands in 198 (cf. 2. 4), may have been garrisoned by him till Antiochus seized it in late 197 or spring 196 (44. 4 n.).

18.47.2 - 18.47.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μὴ διαβαίνειν εἰς τὴν Εὐρώπην</w>:</emph> already in spring 196 Antiochus had crossed the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Hellespont&groupId=620&placeId=1141">Hellespont</a>, seized Madytus, Sestus, and other towns in the Chersonese, including <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lysimacheia&groupId=719&placeId=1320">Lysimacheia</a>, which he found deserted after destruction by the Thracians; this he had set about restoring (Livy, xxxiii. 38. 8–14; App. Syr. 1; cf. 49. 2 ff.). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐδένα . . . τῶν Ἑλλήνων . . . πολεμεῖσθαι νῦν κτλ</w>.:</emph> i.e. Greeks of Europe; this principle has been asserted unilaterally in the senatus consultum of 44. 2, where it applies to Greeks of Asia as well as Europe. The same principle is behind the demand (§ 1) that Antiochus respect the cities of Asia, whether previously autonomous, Ptolemaic, or Macedonian.

18.47.3 - 18.47.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐξ αὑτῶν τινας . . . ἥξειν πρὸς τὸν Ἀντί?οχον</w>:</emph> cf. 49. 3.

18.47.4 - 18.47.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἡγησιάνακτα καὶ Λυσίαν</w>:</emph> Hegesianax, son of Diogenes, from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Alexandria&groupId=1063&placeId=1868">Alexandria</a> Troas, is well known as one of Antiochus III's <w lang="el-GR">φίλοι</w> (Athen. iv. 155 AB); in 193 he accompanied Menippus to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (Livy xxiv. 57. 6; App. Syr. 6 also mentions Lysias, perhaps in error), and <milestone unit="page" n="615">[615]</milestone> it was probably then that he was named proxenos at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Delphi&groupId=534&placeId=363">Delphi</a> (Syll. 585, no. 18; archonship of Peithagoras, 194/3). He was poet, historian, and grammarian; his works included a book on Democritus' style, one on poetic diction, an astronomical work, <w lang="el-GR">Φαινόμενα</w>,, and a Trojan history, this under the pseudonym of Cephalus of Gergithes (cf. Strabo, xiii. 594). See Sthelin and Jacoby, RE, 'Hegesianax (1)', cols. 2602–6; Susemihl, ii. 31–33. As a writer who had dealt with the foundation of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> from Troy (FGH, 45 F 9 = Dion. Hal. i. 72. 1), he was a suitable person to lead an embassy to the Romans. Lysias is mentioned by Appian (Syr. 6) as also taking part in the embassy of 193 (see above), but is not otherwise known, unless he is to be identified with the later minister of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and regent of Antiochus V Eupator, who was overthrown by Demetrius on his flight from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (cf. xxxi. 11. 2 n.).

18.47.5 - 18.47.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὰ δόξαντα τῷ συνεδρίῳ</w>:</emph> 'the decisions of the commissioners' (not 'of the Senate', as Heuss, Völk. Grund. 89); cf. 45. 7, 8, 10; Aymard, PR, 174 n. 32.

18.47.6 - 18.47.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς Ὀρέστας</w>:</emph> the Orestae inhabited the Haliacmon valley in its upper waters, north of Elimiotis and around the lake of Celetrum (mod. Kastoria); Strabo, vii. 323, 326, makes them Epirote; cf. also Thuc. ii. 80. 6 (mentioned with Epirote tribes); Hecataeus, FGH, 1 F 107 (Molossian). But by the fourth century they were incorporated in Macedon, and together with the Lyncestae formed one of the six <w lang="el-GR">τάξεις</w> at Gaugamela, under Perdiccas' command (Diod. xvii. 57. 2). For modern discussion see the references in Johanna Schmidt, RE, 'Orestai', cols. 960–5. When the Orestae joined <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> is not clear. In 199 Celetrum surrendered to Galba (Livy, xxxi. 40. 1–3), but this is not a revolt; moreover in Livy, xxxix. 28. 2, Philip speaks of 'ciuitates Macedonum qui . . . inter indutias defecerant' (cf. Livy, xxxix. 23. 6, in bello), and this suggests a revolt during the truce of 198/7 (cf. Walbank, Philip, 163 n. 2; De Sanctis, iv. 1. 55; contra Nissen, KU, 222–3, who thinks per indutias in Livy is a loose translation of something other than a truce in P.). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Περραιβούς</w>:</emph> cf. 46. 5 n. They formed a <w lang="el-GR">κοινόν</w>; cf. IG, ix. 1. 689, mentioning a <w lang="el-GR">στρατηγός</w>; cf. Kip, 111–25. Syll. 593 is a letter sent by Flamininus between 196 and 194 to the magistrates of Chyretiae (mod. Domeniko) in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Perrhaebia&groupId=870&placeId=1569">Perrhaebia</a>, making over certain properties then in the possession of the Roman people and stressing Roman goodwill, <w lang="el-GR">ἵ να μηδ᾽ ἐν τούτοις ἔχωσιν ἡμᾶς καταλαλεῖν οἱ οὐκ ἀπὸ τοῦ βελτίστου εἰωθότες ἀναστρέφεσθαι</w> (ll. 6–8). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Δὀλοπας</w>:</emph> omitted, like the Orestae, from the declaration at the Isthmus (46. 5 n.). The Dolopes were a Thessalian tribe inhabiting the east slopes of Pindus to the south-west of Thessaliotis; cf. Kip, 126–8; Sthlin, Hell. Thess. 145–50; Flacelire, 23. Despite Livy, xxxviii. 3. 4, the Dolopes were members of the Aetolian confederation <milestone unit="page" n="616">[616]</milestone> for much of the third century, perhaps from about 277 (cf. Flacelire, 185); but at some date Macedon recovered part of Dolopia, since in 198 the Aetolians took the towns Ctimene and Angeia from Philip (Livy, xxxii. 13. 15). Niese (ii. 484 n. 1) would date this to 210 (cf. ix. 41. 1–42. 4 n.), but Flacelire (304) suggests a date in 207 when Philip penetrated Aetolia from the north (cf. xi. 7. 2–3). The Dolopians were probably incorporated in the Aetolian confederation after their liberation, like the Phocians and Locrians (§ 9); cf. Flacelire, 348 n. 5. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Μάγνητας</w>:</emph> cf. 46. 5. They too were organized as a <w lang="el-GR">κοινόν</w>, and their chief magistrate was the Magnetarches (Livy, xxxv. 31. 11), at least for a time; on the constitution of the <w lang="el-GR">κοινόν</w> see Kip, 87–110. On the Magnesian federation see Holleaux, tudes, i. 256–60; Larsen, GFS, 295.

18.47.7 - 18.47.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς Ἀχαιοὺς τοὺς Φθιώτας</w>:</emph> cf. 46. 5 n. The Aetolians may have kept some western parts of Phthiotic <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a>, including Thaumaci (cf. Syll. 603 for an Aetolian hieromnemon from that city in 193/2), which is not mentioned among Antiochus' captures when Acilius took it in 191 (Livy, xxxvi. 14. 12–14). Probably Xyniae and Cyphaera were also Aetolian (Flacelire, 349). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">θήβας . . . καὶ Φάρσαλον</w>:</emph> on the Aetolian claim cf. 3. 12 n., 8. 9, 38. 3. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pharsalus&groupId=880&placeId=1587">Pharsalus</a> was, of course, in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phthiotis&groupId=897&placeId=1612">Phthiotis</a> (cf. v. 99. 3), not Phthiotic <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> (Sthlin, Hell. Thess. 135 ff.), hence <w lang="el-GR">ἀφελόμενοι</w> must refer to the combined state of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thessaly&groupId=1028&placeId=1816">Thessaly</a> with Phthiotic <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> (Kip, 65– 66).

18.47.8 - 18.47.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ τὰς ἐξ ἀρχῆς συνθήκας</w>:</emph> cf. 38. 7 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καὶ περὶ Λευκάδος</w>:</emph> captured from the Acarnanians by L. Flamininus in summer 197 (cf. 40. 5 n.; Livy, xxxiii. 17. 1–15) and also claimed by the Aetolians on the basis of the 'original treaty'.

18.47.9 - 18.47.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Φωκέας καὶ . . . Λοκρούς</w>:</emph> the Phocians and east Locrians had been liberated at the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Isthmia&groupId=1078&placeId=1895">Isthmia</a> (46. 5). Details of the relations of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phocis&groupId=892&placeId=1606">Phocis</a> with Aetolia in the third century depend largely on the interpretation of the hieromnemon lists from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Delphi&groupId=534&placeId=363">Delphi</a>, which is controversial. Early in the third century a treaty between Aetolia and Boeotia (IG, ix <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> . 1. 170 with addenda; cf. Flacelire, 57–68) mentions <w lang="el-GR">Φωκεῖς οἱ μετ᾽ Αἰτωλῶν</w>; this is variously dated between 300 and 281/0. Later the whole of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phocis&groupId=892&placeId=1606">Phocis</a> was temporarily united with Aetolia, from about 262 to 258 (cf. Beloch, iv. 2. 402) and again from 245 onwards; but Flacelire, 286–7, does not believe that the Cephisus valley was acquired by Aetolia until about 235 (cf. F. Schober, RE, 'Phokis', col. 493). However, towards 225 <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phocis&groupId=892&placeId=1606">Phocis</a> defected from Aetolia, leaving her with only <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Delphi&groupId=534&placeId=363">Delphi</a>, and perhaps Tithorea and Anemoreia in the east, and Lilaea, Drymas, and Tithronium in the upper Cephisus valley (Livy, xxviii. 7. 12–13; Paus. x. 33. 3; cf. Daux, 237 f.; Salvetti, Studi di stor. ant. ii. 1893, 121). On the later subjection of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phocis&groupId=892&placeId=1606">Phocis</a> to Macedon see v. 26. 1 n. Epicnemidian Locris had joined the Aetolian confederation probably by 262, and had been captured by Philip, <milestone unit="page" n="617">[617]</milestone> probably in 208, and held by him until 198 (cf. x. 42. 7 n.; Livy, xxxii. 36. 9).

18.47.10 - 18.47.10

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Κόρινθον . . . τριφυλίαν</w> . . .</emph> 〈 <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν Ἡραιῶν πόλιν</w> . . .:</emph> <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraea&groupId=626&placeId=1151">Heraea</a> (like Oreus) is restored in the lacuna from Livy, xxxiii. 34. 9. See 42. 7 nn. on the claim to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Heraea&groupId=626&placeId=1151">Heraea</a> and Triphylia; on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a>, 2. 5 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ὠρεὸν δ᾽</w></emph> 〉 <emph rend="bold">. . . <w lang="el-GR">τὴν Ἐρετριέων πόλιν</w> :</emph> cf. 45. 5 n.; to have given these towns, captured in conjunction with Attalus, to Eumenes would have been to confirm the Aetolian accusation that this was no liberation; hence Flamininus' opposition to the proposal. See Scullard, Pol. 108 n. 2, who attributes the main opposition to Flamininus to the Claudian–Servilian group among the Ten, viz. Galba, Tappulus, Cn. Lentulus, and (perhaps) Caepio.

18.47.11 - 18.47.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μετά τινα χρόνον . . . διὰ τῆς συγκλήτου</w>:</emph> the decision was referred back to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (as Livy, xxxiii. 34. 10, adds). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">σὺν ταύταις Κάρυστος</w>:</emph> cf. 45. 5 n.; like <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Eretria&groupId=576&placeId=1079">Eretria</a>, taken with the help of Attalus and the Rhodians. Andros, however (cf. Livy, xxxi. 45. 3–7), seems to have remained under Pergamum (Larsen, CP, 1957, 17 n. 7).

18.47.12 - 18.47.12

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Πλευράτῳ Λυχνίδα καὶ Πάρθον</w>:</emph> Livy, xxxiii. 34. 11, 'Lychnidus et <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Parthini&groupId=846&placeId=1527">Parthini</a>', but Apollodorus knows <w lang="el-GR">Πάρθος</w> <emph rend="italics">\?\</emph> <w lang="el-GR">πόλις ᾿Ι</w>§<w lang="el-GR">λλυρική</w> (FGH, 244 F 50), and it seems likely that both are towns. <w lang="el-GR">Λύχνις</w> will be Lychnidus, modern Ochrida, on the lake of that name (v. 108. 8). <w lang="el-GR">Πάρθος</w> could be the main town of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Parthini&groupId=846&placeId=1527">Parthini</a> (cf. Livy, xliii. 23. 6; Caesar, BC, iii. 41. 1 for several towns), but it is odd that it should be mentioned separately from the tribe, which had been assigned to the Roman alliance at the Peace of Phoenice (Livy, xxix. 12. 13). It has been argued that both the Lychnis and the Parthus mentioned here are situated in north <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a> (Pliny, Nat. hist. iii. 143–5; Zippel, 77–78; cf. Gitti, Historia, 1935, 200 n. 42), but this seems improbable (Niese, iii. 15 n. 3; Fluss, RE, 'Lychnidus', col. 2112); and the likelihood is that Parthus was a town situated somewhere near Lychnidus, and that the Romans handed them both over to Pleuratus as an enclave between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> and Roman <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a>. According to Itin. Hieros. 607. 4 f., a distance of 12 m.p. separated Cledo (= Lychnidus) and an otherwise unknown Patras, also on the lake: can Patras be Parthus? See Polaschek, RE, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Parthini&groupId=846&placeId=1527">Parthini</a>', cols. 2037–8. In any case, the words <w lang="el-GR">ὑπὸ Φίλιππον . . . ταττομένας</w> suggest regular frontier areas of Macedon and not recent acquisitions. It may therefore be assumed that, despite Livy, there is no reference to the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Parthini&groupId=846&placeId=1527">Parthini</a> here. Philip could hardly have taken this tribe from the Romans between 205 and 200 without there being some reference to it in the ultimatum of 200; and the suggestion of Holleaux (278 n. 1) that he reconquered its territory, for instance, in the autumn of 200 (in circumstances unknown to us and omitted by Livy) is unconvincing, for once the Romans had landed there was no longer much chance of making <milestone unit="page" n="618">[618]</milestone> Macedonian advances in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a>. Assuming Lychnis and Parthus to be towns near Lake Lychnidus, we have no idea when Macedon acquired them; their omission from the places mentioned in v. 108. 8 proves nothing, and it is hazardous to assume that the annalistic passage in Livy, xxx. 42. 1–3, can have anything to do with fighting on this frontier (so Ferro, 11–12).

18.47.13 - 18.47.13

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀμυνάνδρῳ . . . ἐρύματα</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxxii. 13. 15–14. 3 for the towns on the west border of Hestiaeotis taken by <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Amynander&groupId=324&placeId=631">Amynander</a> in 198; they included Gomphi, and Phaeca between Gomphi and the pass from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athamania&groupId=377&placeId=710">Athamania</a>, after which 'dedidere deinceps sese qui Argenta quique Pherinium et Timarum et Ligynas et Strymonem et Lampsum habent aliaque castella iuxta ignobilia'. Apart from Gomphi, their sites are unknown; cf. Sthlin, Hell. Thess. 127–8 and, for Gomphi, 125.

Addenda & corrigenda

18.47.1 - 18.47.1

p. 614, 1. 38, for 'Syll. 529' read 'Syll. 591'.

18.47.6 - 18.47.6

<emph rend="bold">47. 6. <w lang="el-GR">Μάγνητας</w>:</emph> on the Magnesian federation see Holleaux, tudes, i. 256–60; Larsen, GFS, 295.

Polybius, Histories

Bibliography

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Walbank Commentary

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