Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 18 - Chapter 43

<head lang="la">IV. Res Graeciae</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ella%2Fda">Ἑλλάδα</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxhn">μάχην</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Ftou">Τίτου</w> <w lemma="paraxeima%2Fzontos">παραχειμάζοντος</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29elatei%2Fa%7C">Ἐλατείᾳ</w> <w lemma="%2Aboiwtoi%2F">Βοιωτοί</w>, <w lemma="spouda%2Fzontes">σπουδάζοντες</w> <w lemma="a%29nakomi%2Fsasqai">ἀνακομίσασθαι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fndras">ἄνδρας</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="strateusame%2Fnous">στρατευσαμένους</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="%2Afili%2Fppw%7C">Φιλίππῳ</w>, <w lemma="diepresbeu%2Fonto">διεπρεσβεύοντο</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29sfalei%2Fas">ἀσφαλείας</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Fton">Τίτον</w>.

<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="boulo%2Fmenos">βουλόμενος</w> <w lemma="e%29kkalei%3Dsqai">ἐκκαλεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="%2Aboiwtou%5Cs">Βοιωτοὺς</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="sfete%2Fran">σφετέραν</w> <w lemma="eu%29%2Fnoian">εὔνοιαν</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="proora%3Dsqai">προορᾶσθαι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29anti%2Foxon">Ἀντίοχον</w>, <w lemma="e%28toi%2Fmws">ἑτοίμως</w> <w lemma="sunexw%2Frhsen">συνεχώρησεν</w>.

<w lemma="taxu%5C">ταχὺ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntwn">πάντων</w> <w lemma="a%29nakomisqe%2Fntwn">ἀνακομισθέντων</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedoni%2Fas">Μακεδονίας</w>, <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dn">ἦν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Abraxu%2Fllhs">Βραχύλλης</w>, <w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="eu%29qe%2Fws">εὐθέως</w> <w lemma="boiwta%2Frxhn">βοιωτάρχην</w> <w lemma="kate%2Fsthsan">κατέστησαν</w>, <w lemma="paraplhsi%2Fws">παραπλησίως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllous">ἄλλους</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="dokou%3Dntas">δοκοῦντας</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="fi%2Flous">φίλους</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedo%2Fnwn">Μακεδόνων</w> <w lemma="oi%29ki%2Fas">οἰκίας</w> <w lemma="e%29ti%2Fmwn">ἐτίμων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="proh%3Dgon">προῆγον</w> <w lemma="ou%29x">οὐχ</w> <w lemma="h%28%3Dtton">ἧττον</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w>.

<w lemma="e%29%2Fpemyan">ἔπεμψαν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="presbei%2Fan">πρεσβείαν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Afi%2Flippon">Φίλιππον</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="eu%29xaristh%2Fsousan">εὐχαριστήσουσαν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="neani%2Fskwn">νεανίσκων</w> <w lemma="e%29pano%2Fdw%7C">ἐπανόδῳ</w>, <w lemma="lumaino%2Fmenoi">λυμαινόμενοι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Ftou">Τίτου</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frin">χάριν</w>.

<w lemma="a%28%5C">ἃ</w> <w lemma="sunorw%3Dntes">συνορῶντες</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Azeu%2Fcippon">Ζεύξιππον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Apeisi%2Fstraton">Πεισίστρατον</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fntes">πάντες</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="dokou%3Dntes">δοκοῦντες</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="fi%2Floi">φίλοι</w> <w lemma="dusxerw%3Ds">δυσχερῶς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fferon">ἔφερον</w>, <w lemma="proorw%2Fmenoi">προορώμενοι</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fllon">μέλλον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dedio%2Ftes">δεδιότες</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="sfw%3Dn">σφῶν</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29nagkai%2Fwn:">ἀναγκαίων·</w>

<w lemma="safw%3Ds">σαφῶς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="h%29%2F%7Cdeisan">ᾔδεισαν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w>, <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="xwrisqw%3Dsin">χωρισθῶσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ella%2Fdos">Ἑλλάδος</w>, <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Afi%2Flippos">Φίλιππος</w> <w lemma="me%2Fnh%7C">μένῃ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="pleura%2Fn">πλευράν</w>, <w lemma="sunepisxu%2Fwn">συνεπισχύων</w> <w lemma="ai%29ei%5C">αἰεὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="sfa%3Ds">σφᾶς</w> <w lemma="a%29ntipoliteuome%2Fnois">ἀντιπολιτευομένοις</w>, <w lemma="ou%29damw%3Ds">οὐδαμῶς</w> <w lemma="a%29sfalh%3D">ἀσφαλῆ</w> <w lemma="sfi%2Fsin">σφίσιν</w> <w lemma="e%29some%2Fnhn">ἐσομένην</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="%2Aboiwti%2Fa%7C">Βοιωτίᾳ</w> <w lemma="politei%2Fan">πολιτείαν</w>.

<w lemma="dio%5C">διὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sumfronh%2Fsantes">συμφρονήσαντες</w> <w lemma="e%29pre%2Fsbeuon">ἐπρέσβευον</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Fton">Τίτον</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ela%2Fteian">Ἐλάτειαν</w>.

<w lemma="summi%2Fcantes">συμμίξαντες</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnw%7C">προειρημένῳ</w> <w lemma="pollou%5Cs">πολλοὺς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="poiki%2Flous">ποικίλους</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="dieti%2Fqento">διετίθεντο</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgous">λόγους</w>, <w lemma="u%28podeiknu%2Fntes">ὑποδεικνύντες</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="o%28rmh%5Cn">ὁρμὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="plh%2Fqous">πλήθους</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dsan">οὖσαν</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Fdh">ἤδη</w> <w lemma="nu%3Dn">νῦν</w> <w lemma="kaq%27">καθ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3Dn">αὑτῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29xaristi%2Fan">ἀχαριστίαν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Fxlwn">ὄχλων</w>.

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="te%2Flos">τέλος</w> <w lemma="e%29qa%2Frrhsan">ἐθάρρησαν</w> <w lemma="ei%29pei%3Dn">εἰπεῖν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w>, <w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Abraxu%2Fllhn">Βραχύλλην</w> <w lemma="e%29panelo%2Fmenoi">ἐπανελόμενοι</w> <w lemma="kataplh%2Fcwntai">καταπλήξωνται</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="pollou%2Fs">πολλούς</w>, <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fstin">ἔστιν</w> <w lemma="a%29sfa%2Fleia">ἀσφάλεια</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="fi%2Flois">φίλοις</w> <w lemma="xwrisqe%2Fntwn">χωρισθέντων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="stratope%2Fdwn">στρατοπέδων</w>.

<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Ftos">Τίτος</w> <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="diakou%2Fsas">διακούσας</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cs">αὐτὸς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffh">ἔφη</w> <w lemma="koinwnei%3Dn">κοινωνεῖν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fcews">πράξεως</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="boulome%2Fnous">βουλομένους</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fttein">πράττειν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="kwlu%2Fein:">κωλύειν·</w>

<w lemma="kaqo%2Flou">καθόλου</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="lalei%3Dn">λαλεῖν</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29ke%2Fleue">ἐκέλευε</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="%2A%29alecamenw%3D%7C">Ἀλεξαμενῷ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29twlw%3Dn">Αἰτωλῶν</w> <w lemma="strathgw%3D%7C">στρατηγῷ</w>.

<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Azeu%2Fcippon">Ζεύξιππον</w> <w lemma="peiqarxhsa%2Fntwn">πειθαρχησάντων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="dialegome%2Fnwn">διαλεγομένων</w>, <w lemma="taxe%2Fws">ταχέως</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="proeirhme%2Fnos">προειρημένος</w> <w lemma="peisqei%5Cs">πεισθεὶς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="sugkataqe%2Fmenos">συγκαταθέμενος</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="legome%2Fnois">λεγομένοις</w> <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29twlikw%3Dn">Αἰτωλικῶν</w> <w lemma="sune%2Fsthse">συνέστησε</w>, <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29italikw%3Dn">Ἰταλικῶν</w> <w lemma="neani%2Fskwn">νεανίσκων</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="prosoi%2Fsontas">προσοίσοντας</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="xei%3Dras">χεῖρας</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="%2Abraxu%2Fllh%7C">Βραχύλλῃ</w>. —

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Aou%29dei%5Cs">Οὐδεὶς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2Fte">οὔτε</w> <w lemma="ma%2Frtus">μάρτυς</w> <w lemma="e%29sti">ἐστι</w> <w lemma="fobero%5Cs">φοβερὸς</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2Fte">οὔτε</w> <w lemma="kath%2Fgoros">κατήγορος</w> <w lemma="deino%5Cs">δεινὸς</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="su%2Fnesis">σύνεσις</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="katoikou%3Ds%27">κατοικοῦς᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstwn">ἑκάστων</w> <w lemma="yuxai%3Ds">ψυχαῖς</w>. —

<head>IV. Affairs of Greece</head><head>Conduct of the Boeotians</head>While Flamininus was wintering in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Elatea&groupId=558&placeId=1045">Elatea</a> after the battle, the Boeotians, anxious to recover the men they had sent to serve under Philip in the campaign, sent an embassy to Flamininus begging him to provide for their safety,

and he gladly consented as, foreseeing the arrival of Antiochus, he wished to conciliate the Boeotians.

Upon all the men being very soon sent back from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a>, among them Brachylles, they at once appointed the latter boeotarch, and continued, no less than formerly, to advance and honour the others who were considered to be friends of the house of Macedon.

They also sent an embassy to Philip thanking him for the return of the soldiers, thus depreciating the grace of Flamininus's act.

When Zeuxippus, Pisistratus and all who were considered the friends of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> saw this, they were much displeased, as they foresaw what might happen and feared for themselves and their relatives.

For they well knew that if the Romans quitted Greece and Philip remained on their flanks, his strength continuing to increase together with that of their political opponents, it would by no means be safe for them to take part in public life in Boeotia.

They therefore clubbed together and sent envoys to Flamininus at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Elatea&groupId=558&placeId=1045">Elatea</a>.

On meeting him they used a great variety of arguments, pointing out the violent feeling against them at present existing among the people and the noted ingratitude of a multitude,

and finally they made bold to say that unless they struck terror into the populace by killing Brachylles there would be no security for the friends of the Romans once the legions had left.

Flamininus, after listening to this, said that he himself would take no part in this deed, but would put no obstacles in the way of anyone who wished to do so.

He advised them on the whole to speak to Alexamenus, the Aetolian strategus.

When Zeuxippus and the others acted on this advice and spoke about the matter, Alexamenus was soon persuaded and agreeing to what they said, arranged for three Aetolians and three Italian soldiers to assassinate Brachylles. . . .

For no one is such a terrible witness or such a dread accuser as the conscience that dwells in all our hearts.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

18.40.0 - 18.48.0

The Roman settlement in Greece and the Isthmus declaration These events of spring–summer 196 follow in Livy (xxxiii. 30. 1–35. 12) immediately after the account of the events in Boeotia.

Specifics

18.43.1 - 18.43.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">παραχειμάζοντος ἐν Ἐλατείᾳ</w>:</emph> the chief city of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phocis&groupId=892&placeId=1606">Phocis</a> (cf. v. 26. 1 n.) had been captured by Flamininus in October 198 (1–12 n.; Livy, xxxii. 24. 1–7; Paus. x. 34. 3–4), and its people expelled; they had taken refuge at Stymphalus in Arcadia (see the inscription published by M. Mitsos, REG, 1946–7, 150–74; cf. A. Passerini, Athen. 1948, 83–95; S. Accame, Riv. fil. 1949, 217–48, refuting Passerini's view that the Elateans were expelled by the Aetolians). The inscription mentioned here is now SEG, xxv. 445; Larsen (CP, 1969, 46) rejects Accame's view, which would imply that Flamininus violated the terms of surrender which guaranteed Elatean freedom (Livy, xxxii. 24. 7), as well as the declaration of independence (so too Errington, 132 n. 1; Lehmann, 120–5; J. and L. Robert, Bull. pig. 1968 no. 267; 1969 no. 265); Briscoe, Commentary, 214, follows Accame (cf. too his comments in Latomus, 1972, 34 n. 5), as does Klaffenbach, BCH, 1968, 257–9, republishing the inscription. Briscoe (Commentary, 214) suggests that P. described the expulsion of the Elateans, but that Livy omitted this, as he did other details which he judged uncomplimentary to Flamininus.

18.43.2 - 18.43.2

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">διὰ τὸ προορᾶσθαι τὸν Ἀντίοχον</w>:</emph> 'owing to his apprehension concerning Antiochus'; for this meaning of <w lang="el-GR">προορᾶσθαι</w> cf. v. 105. 8, vii. 17. 5, xviii. 22. 10, etc. Paton's rendering, 'foreseeing the arrival of Antiochus', is too specific; Flamininus will hardly have foreseen the invasion of Greece as early as 196.

18.43.3 - 18.43.3

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Βραχύλλης</w>:</emph> cf. 1. 2 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">βοιωτάρχην</w>:</emph> in the Boeotian confederation of the third century (as in that of the fourth century after 379) political affairs and command of the federal army were in the hands of seven boeotarchs, elected in some sort of relation to the size of the various cities: but information is scanty, cf. IG, vii. 3073, l. 157, 3088; ix. 1. 98, 270; Polyaen. iv. 7. 11 (referring to 293); Paus. x. 20. 3; Plut. Arat. 16. 1; Livy, xlii. 43. 7; Busolt–Swoboda, ii. 1436 n. 3. Feyel (266) suggests that after the annexation of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Megara&groupId=746&placeId=1361">Megara</a> the number may have been increased to eight, but this is not proved. From some uncertain date in the third century there was also a federal strategos, superior to the boeotarchs. On the institutions of Boeotia see Busolt–Swoboda, ii. 1431–42; Feyel, 264–73. On the boeotarchs in the third and second centuries see Roesch, 103–8; for criticism of his view that there was no federal strategos at that time see xx. 4. 2 n. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐχ ἧττον ἢ πρότερον</w>:</emph> for the earlier relations of Boeotia and Macedon see xx. 4–7 with notes.

18.43.5 - 18.43.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ζεύξιππον καὶ Πεισίστρατον</w>:</emph> not otherwise known.

18.43.8 - 18.43.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὴν ἀχαριστίαν τῶν ὄχλων</w>:</emph> 'the ingratitude of the populace'.

18.43.11 - 18.43.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀλεξαμενῷ τῷ τῶν Αἰτωλῶν στρατηγῷ</w>:</emph> for 197/6. He came from Calydon (Paus. viii. 50. 10) and is the Alexamenus or Alexomenus mentioned on various Delphian inscriptions (GDI, ii. 2002, 2041–5). A true Aetolian cut-throat, he murdered Nabis in 192, but was himself killed by the Spartans (Livy, xxxv. 34–36). <milestone unit="page" n="608">[608]</milestone>

18.43.12 - 18.43.12

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">προσοίσοντας τὰς χεῖρας τῷ Βραχύλλῃ</w>:</emph> Livy, xxxiii. 28. 3–29. 12, recounts the sequel to the murder, the apprehension of Peisistratus after a slave had laid information with the authorities and Zeuxippus' flight to Anthedon. This led to an outburst against <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> and the murder of 500 Roman soldiers. Flamininus invaded Boeotia demanding heavy reparations, but on the intervention of the Achaeans these were reduced to 30 talents.

18.43.13 - 18.43.13

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐδεὶ?ς . . . οὔτε μάρτυς . . . οὔτε κατήγορος</w>:</emph> on the effects of conscience cf. 15. 13, xxiii. 10. 2–3. <w lang="el-GR">σύνεσις</w> here is the equivalent of <w lang="el-GR">συνείδησις</w>; cf. Eur. Or. 396; Menander, fg. 632 (Kock, CAF, iii); Herodian, iv. 7. 1; Wunderer, ii. 67. The context is clear from Livy, xxxiii. 28. 10, 'Zeuxippus . . . nocte perfugit Tanagram, suam magis conscientiam quam indicium hominum nullius rei consciorum metuens'.

Addenda & corrigenda

18.43.1 - 18.43.1

the inscription mentioned here is now SEG, xxv. 445; Larsen (CP, 1969, 46) rejects Accame's view, which would imply that Flamininus violated the terms of surrender which guaranteed Elatean freedom (Livy, xxxii. 24. 7), as well as the declaration of independence (so too Errington, 132 n. 1; Lehmann, 120–5; J. and L. Robert, Bull. pig. 1968 no. 267; 1969 no. 265); Briscoe, Commentary, 214, follows Accame (cf. too his comments in Latomus, 1972, 34 n. 5), as does Klaffenbach, BCH, 1968, 257–9, republishing the inscription. Briscoe (Commentary, 214) suggests that P. described the expulsion of the Elateans, but that Livy omitted this, as he did other details which he judged uncomplimentary to Flamininus.

18.43.3 - 18.43.3

<emph rend="bold">43. 3. <w lang="el-GR">βοιωτάρχην</w>:</emph> on the boeotarchs in the third and second centuries see Roesch, 103–8; for criticism of his view that there was no federal strategos at that time see xx. 4. 2 n.

Polybius, Histories

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