Polybius, Histories

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Book 18 - Chapter 18

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<w lemma="%2A%28o">Ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Ftos">Τίτος</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmenos">δυνάμενος</w> <w lemma="e%29pignw%3Dnai">ἐπιγνῶναι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fous">πολεμίους</w> <w lemma="h%28%3D%7C">ᾗ</w> <w lemma="stratopedeu%2Fousi">στρατοπεδεύουσι</w>, <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="safw%3Ds">σαφῶς</w> <w lemma="ei%29dw%5Cs">εἰδὼς</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="pa%2Freisin">πάρεισιν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2Aqettali%2Fan">Θετταλίαν</w>, <w lemma="prose%2Ftace">προσέταξε</w> <w lemma="ko%2Fptein">κόπτειν</w> <w lemma="xa%2Fraka">χάρακα</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsin">πᾶσιν</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fneka">ἕνεκα</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="parakomi%2Fzein">παρακομίζειν</w> <w lemma="meq%27">μεθ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3Dn">αὑτῶν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="kairou%3D">καιροῦ</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fas">χρείας</w>.
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<w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellhnikh%5Cn">Ἑλληνικὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29gwgh%5Cn">ἀγωγὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29du%2Fnaton">ἀδύνατον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="dokei%3D">δοκεῖ</w>, <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="eu%29%2Fkopon">εὔκοπον</w>.
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<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Fellhnes">Ἕλληνες</w> <w lemma="mo%2Flis">μόλις</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3Dn">αὐτῶν</w> <w lemma="kratou%3Dsi">κρατοῦσι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="sarisw%3Dn">σαρισῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fais">πορείαις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Flis">μόλις</w> <w lemma="u%28pome%2Fnousi">ὑπομένουσι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="ko%2Fpon">κόπον</w>,
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<w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%3Doi">Ῥωμαῖοι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="qureou%5Cs">θυρεοὺς</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="o%29xeu%3Dsi">ὀχεῦσι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="skuti%2Fnois">σκυτίνοις</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="w%29%2Fmwn">ὤμων</w> <w lemma="e%29chrthko%2Ftes">ἐξηρτηκότες</w>, <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="xersi%5Cn">χερσὶν</w> <w lemma="au%29tou%5Cs">αὐτοὺς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="gai%2Fsous">γαίσους</w> <w lemma="fe%2Frontes">φέροντες</w>, <w lemma="e%29pide%2Fxontai">ἐπιδέχονται</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="parakomidh%5Cn">παρακομιδὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frakos">χάρακος</w>.
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<w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flhn">μεγάλην</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="diafora%5Cn">διαφορὰν</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn:">τούτων·</w>
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<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28%2Fellhnes">Ἕλληνες</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dton">τοῦτον</w> <w lemma="h%28gou%3Dntai">ἡγοῦνται</w> <w lemma="xa%2Fraka">χάρακα</w> <w lemma="be%2Fltiston">βέλτιστον</w>, <w lemma="o%28%5Cs">ὃς</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxh%7C">ἔχῃ</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fstas">πλείστας</w> <w lemma="e%29kfu%2Fseis">ἐκφύσεις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="megi%2Fstas">μεγίστας</w> <w lemma="pe%2Fric">πέριξ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="pre%2Fmnou">πρέμνου</w>,
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<w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="kerai%2Fas">κεραίας</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxousin">ἔχουσιν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frakes">χάρακες</w>, <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fstas">πλείστας</w> <w lemma="te%2Fttaras:">τέτταρας·</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Ftas">ταύτας</w> ?<w lemma=""></w>* <w lemma="e%29%2Fxontes">ἔχοντες</w> <w lemma="lamba%2Fnontai">λαμβάνονται</w> *
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? <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29nalla%2Fc">ἐναλλάξ</w>. <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="th%2Fn">τήν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="komidh%5Cn">κομιδὴν</w> <w lemma="eu%29xerh%3D">εὐχερῆ</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnesqai">γίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="tele%2Fws">τελέως</w> — <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="ei%28%3Ds">εἷς</w> <w lemma="a%29nh%5Cr">ἀνὴρ</w> <w lemma="fe%2Frei">φέρει</w> <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="te%2Fttaras">τέτταρας</w> <w lemma="sunqei%5Cs">συνθεὶς</w> <w lemma="e%29p%27">ἐπ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flous">ἀλλήλους</w> —
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<w lemma="th%2Fn">τήν</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fan">χρείαν</w> <w lemma="a%29sfalh%3D">ἀσφαλῆ</w> <w lemma="diafero%2Fntws">διαφερόντως</w>. <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ellh%2Fnwn">Ἑλλήνων</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Ftan">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="teqh%3D%7C">τεθῇ</w> <w lemma="pro%5C">πρὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="parembolh%3Ds">παρεμβολῆς</w>, <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="me%2Fn">μέν</w> <w lemma="e%29stin">ἐστιν</w> <w lemma="eu%29dia%2Fspastos:">εὐδιάσπαστος·</w>
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<w lemma="o%28%2Ftan">ὅταν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="kratou%3Dn">κρατοῦν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="piezou%2Fmenon">πιεζούμενον</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="gh%3Ds">γῆς</w> <w lemma="e%28%5Cn">ἓν</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxh%7C">ὑπάρχῃ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w>, <w lemma="ai%28">αἱ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29pofu%2Fseis">ἀποφύσεις</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="pollai%5C">πολλαὶ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flai">μεγάλαι</w>, <w lemma="ka%29%2Fpeita">κἄπειτα</w> <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="parasta%2Fntes">παραστάντες</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29pofu%2Fsewn">ἀποφύσεων</w> <w lemma="e%29pispa%2Fswntai">ἐπισπάσωνται</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="xa%2Fraka">χάρακα</w>, <w lemma="r%28a%7Cdi%2Fws">ῥᾳδίως</w> <w lemma="e%29kspa%3Dtai">ἐκσπᾶται</w>.
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<w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="sumba%2Fntos">συμβάντος</w> <w lemma="eu%29qe%2Fws">εὐθέως</w> <w lemma="pu%2Flh">πύλη</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnetai">γίνεται</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fgeqos">μέγεθος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="parakei%2Fmena">παρακείμενα</w> <w lemma="le%2Flutai">λέλυται</w>, <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="braxei%2Fas">βραχείας</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flous">ἀλλήλους</w> <w lemma="e%29mploka%5Cs">ἐμπλοκὰς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29palla%2Fceis">ἐπαλλάξεις</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnesqai">γίνεσθαι</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftou">τοιούτου</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frakos">χάρακος</w>.
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<w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w> <w lemma="sumbai%2Fnei">συμβαίνει</w> <w lemma="tou%29nanti%2Fon">τοὐναντίον</w>. <w lemma="tiqe%2Fasi">τιθέασι</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="eu%29qe%2Fws">εὐθέως</w> <w lemma="e%29mple%2Fkontes">ἐμπλέκοντες</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flous">ἀλλήλους</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="mh%2Fte">μήτε</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="kerai%2Fas">κεραίας</w> <w lemma="eu%29xerw%3Ds">εὐχερῶς</w> <w lemma="e%29pignw%3Dnai">ἐπιγνῶναι</w>, <w lemma="poi%2Fas">ποίας</w> <w lemma="ei%29si%5Cn">εἰσὶν</w> <w lemma="e%29kfu%2Fsews">ἐκφύσεως</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="gh%3D%7C">γῇ</w> <w lemma="katwrugme%2Fnwn">κατωρυγμένων</w>, <w lemma="mh%2Fte">μήτε</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29kfu%2Fseis">ἐκφύσεις</w>, <w lemma="poi%2Fwn">ποίων</w> <w lemma="keraiw%3Dn">κεραιῶν</w>.
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<w lemma="loipo%5Cn">λοιπὸν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2Ft%27">οὔτ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pilabe%2Fsqai">ἐπιλαβέσθαι</w> <w lemma="parei%2Franta">παρείραντα</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="xei%3Dra">χεῖρα</w> <w lemma="dunato%2Fn">δυνατόν</w>, <w lemma="a%28%2Fte">ἅτε</w> <w lemma="puknw%3Dn">πυκνῶν</w> <w lemma="ou%29sw%3Dn">οὐσῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="prospiptousw%3Dn">προσπιπτουσῶν</w> <w lemma="au%28tai%3Ds">αὑταῖς</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="filopo%2Fnws">φιλοπόνως</w> <w lemma="a%29pwcumme%2Fnwn">ἀπωξυμμένων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="keraiw%3Dn">κεραιῶν</w>,
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<w lemma="ou%29%2Ft%27">οὔτ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pilabo%2Fmenon">ἐπιλαβόμενον</w> <w lemma="e%29kspa%2Fsai">ἐκσπάσαι</w> <w lemma="r%28a%2F%7Cdion">ῥᾴδιον</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="prw%3Dton">πρῶτον</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fsas">πάσας</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="prosbola%5Cs">προσβολὰς</w> <w lemma="sxedo%5Cn">σχεδὸν</w> <w lemma="au%29tokra%2Ftora">αὐτοκράτορα</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="gh%3Ds">γῆς</w> <w lemma="du%2Fnamin">δύναμιν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxein">ἔχειν</w>,
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<w lemma="deu%2Fteron">δεύτερον</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="mi%2Fan">μίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29pispw%2Fmenon">ἐπισπώμενον</w> <w lemma="kerai%2Fan">κεραίαν</w> <w lemma="pollou%5Cs">πολλοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29nagka%2Fzesqai">ἀναγκάζεσθαι</w> <w lemma="peiqome%2Fnous">πειθομένους</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="basta%2Fzein">βαστάζειν</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="a%29llh%2Flous">ἀλλήλους</w> <w lemma="e%29mplokh%2Fn:">ἐμπλοκήν·</w> <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="trei%3Ds">τρεῖς</w> <w lemma="e%29pilabe%2Fsqai">ἐπιλαβέσθαι</w> <w lemma="tau%29tou%3D">ταὐτοῦ</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frakos">χάρακος</w> <w lemma="ou%29d%27">οὐδ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flws">ὅλως</w> <w lemma="ei%29ko%2Fs">εἰκός</w>.
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<w lemma="e%29a%5Cn">ἐὰν</w> <w lemma="de%2F">δέ</w> <w lemma="pote">ποτε</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="katakrath%2Fsas">κατακρατήσας</w> <w lemma="e%29kspa%2Fsh%7C">ἐκσπάσῃ</w> <w lemma="tis">τις</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fna">ἕνα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="deu%2Fteron">δεύτερον</w>, <w lemma="a%29nepignw%2Fstws">ἀνεπιγνώστως</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnetai">γίνεται</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="dia%2Fsthma">διάστημα</w>.
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<w lemma="dio%5C">διὸ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mega%2Flhs">μεγάλης</w> <w lemma="ou%29%2Fshs">οὔσης</w> <w lemma="diafora%3Ds">διαφορᾶς</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="eu%28%2Fresin">εὕρεσιν</w> <w lemma="e%28toi%2Fmhn">ἑτοίμην</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftou">τοιούτου</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frakos">χάρακος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="komidh%5Cn">κομιδὴν</w> <w lemma="eu%29xerh%3D">εὐχερῆ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="xrei%2Fan">χρείαν</w> <w lemma="a%29sfalh%3D">ἀσφαλῆ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnimon">μόνιμον</w>,
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<w lemma="fanero%5Cn">φανερὸν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="kai%2F">καί</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllwn">ἄλλων</w> <w lemma="polemikw%3Dn">πολεμικῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Frgwn">ἔργων</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fcion">ἄξιον</w> <w lemma="zh%2Flou">ζήλου</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mimh%2Fsews">μιμήσεως</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxei">ὑπάρχει</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w>, <w lemma="kata%2F">κατά</w> <w lemma="ge">γε</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="e%29mh%5Cn">ἐμὴν</w> <w lemma="gnw%2Fmhn">γνώμην</w>.
<head>Campaign of Flamininus in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thessaly&groupId=1028&placeId=1816">Thessaly</a> and Battle of Cynoscephalae</head>Flamininus, not being able to discover where the enemy were encamped, but knowing for a certainty that they were in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thessaly&groupId=1028&placeId=1816">Thessaly</a>, ordered all his soldiers to cut stakes for a palisade to carry with them for use when required.
This appears to be impossible when the Greek usage is followed, but on the Roman system it is easy to cut them.
For the Greeks have difficulty in holding only their pikes when on the march and in supporting the fatigue caused by their weight,
but the Romans, hanging their long shields from their shoulders by leather straps and only holding their javelins in their hands, can manage to carry the stakes besides.
Also the stakes are quite different.
For the Greeks consider that stake the best which has the most and the stoutest offshoots all round the main stem,
while the stakes of the Romans have but two or three, or at the most four strange lateral prongs, and these all on one side and not alternating.
The result of this is that they are quite easy to carry — for one man can carry three or four, making a bundle of them, and when put to use they are much more secure.
For the Greek stakes, when planted round the camp, are in the first place easily pulled up; since when the portion of a stake that holds fast closely pressed by the earth is only one, and the offshoots from it are many and large, and when two or three men catch hold of the same stake by its lateral branches, it is easily pulled up
Upon this an entrance is at once created owing to its size, and the ones next to it are loosened, because in such a palisade the stakes are intertwined and criss-crossed in few places.
With the Romans it is the reverse; for in planting them they so intertwine them that it is not easy to see to which of the branches, the lower ends of which are driven into the ground, the lateral prongs belong, nor to which prongs the branches belong.
So, as these prongs are close together and adhere to each other, and as their points are carefully sharpened, it is not easy to pass one's hand through and grasp the stake, nor if one does get hold of it, is it easy to pull it up, as in the first place the power of resistance derived from the earth by all the portions open to attack is almost absolute, and next because a man who pulls at one prong is obliged to lift up numerous other stakes which give simultaneously under the strain owing to the way they are intertwined, and it is not at all probable that two or three men will get hold of the same stake.
But if by main force a man succeeds in pulling up one or two, the gap is scarcely observable.
Therefore, as the advantages of this kind of palisade are very great, the stakes being easy to find and easy to carry and the whole being more secure and more durable when constructed,
it is evident that if any Roman military contrivance is worthy of our imitation and adoption this one certainly is, in my own humble opinion at least.