Polybius, Histories
Layout
Translation

Bibliography

(0)
No bibliography content available

Archaeology

Places

Book 18 - Chapter 1

1
<head lang="la">I. Res Macedoniae Et Graeciae</head><w lemma="%2A%29epelqo%2Fntos">Ἐπελθόντος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="tetagme%2Fnou">τεταγμένου</w> <w lemma="kairou%3D">καιροῦ</w> <w lemma="parh%3Dn">παρῆν</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2Afi%2Flippos">Φίλιππος</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="%2Adhmhtria%2Fdos">Δημητριάδος</w> <w lemma="a%29naxqei%5Cs">ἀναχθεὶς</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Amhlie%2Fa">Μηλιέα</w> <w lemma="ko%2Flpon">κόλπον</w>, <w lemma="pe%2Fnte">πέντε</w> <w lemma="le%2Fmbous">λέμβους</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxwn">ἔχων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="mi%2Fan">μίαν</w> <w lemma="pri%2Fstin">πρίστιν</w>, <w lemma="e%29f%27">ἐφ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28%3Ds">ἧς</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cs">αὐτὸς</w> <w lemma="e%29pe%2Fplei">ἐπέπλει</w>.
2
<w lemma="sunh%3Dsan">συνῆσαν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedo%2Fnes">Μακεδόνες</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29apollo%2Fdwros">Ἀπολλόδωρος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Adhmosqe%2Fnhs">Δημοσθένης</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="grammatei%3Ds">γραμματεῖς</w>, <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="%2Aboiwti%2Fas">Βοιωτίας</w> <w lemma="%2Abraxu%2Fllhs">Βραχύλλης</w>, <w lemma="%2A%29axaio%5Cs">Ἀχαιὸς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Akuklia%2Fdas">Κυκλιάδας</w>, <w lemma="e%29kpeptwkw%5Cs">ἐκπεπτωκὼς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="%2Apeloponnh%2Fsou">Πελοποννήσου</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="u%28f%27">ὑφ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%28mw%3Dn">ἡμῶν</w> <w lemma="ei%29rhme%2Fnas">εἰρημένας</w> <w lemma="ai%29ti%2Fas">αἰτίας</w>.
3
<w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Ftou">Τίτου</w> <w lemma="parh%3Dn">παρῆν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2F">ὅ</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="basileu%5Cs">βασιλεὺς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29amu%2Fnandros">Ἀμύνανδρος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2A%29atta%2Flou">Ἀττάλου</w> <w lemma="%2Adionuso%2Fdwros">Διονυσόδωρος</w>,
4
<w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29qnw%3Dn">ἐθνῶν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="po%2Flewn">πόλεων</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29axaiw%3Dn">Ἀχαιῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ari%2Fstainos">Ἀρίσταινος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Acenofw%3Dn">Ξενοφῶν</w>, <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rodi%2Fwn">Ῥοδίων</w> <w lemma="%2A%29akesi%2Fmbrotos">Ἀκεσίμβροτος</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="nau%2Farxos">ναύαρχος</w>, <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29twlw%3Dn">Αἰτωλῶν</w> <w lemma="%2Afaine%2Fas">Φαινέας</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="strathgo%2Fs">στρατηγός</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fous">πλείους</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fteroi">ἕτεροι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="politeuome%2Fnwn">πολιτευομένων</w>.
5
<w lemma="suneggi%2Fsantes">συνεγγίσαντες</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="%2Ani%2Fkaian">Νίκαιαν</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="qa%2Flattan">θάλατταν</w>, <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Fton">Τίτον</w> <w lemma="e%29pe%2Fsthsan">ἐπέστησαν</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ai%29gialo%2Fn">αἰγιαλόν</w>, <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Afi%2Flippos">Φίλιππος</w> <w lemma="e%29ggi%2Fsas">ἐγγίσας</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="gh%3D%7C">γῇ</w> <w lemma="mete%2Fwros">μετέωρος</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fmene">ἔμενε</w>.
6
<w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Ftou">Τίτου</w> <w lemma="keleu%2Fontos">κελεύοντος</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29pobai%2Fnein">ἀποβαίνειν</w>, <w lemma="dianasta%5Cs">διαναστὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="new%5Cs">νεὼς</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffhsen">ἔφησεν</w> <w lemma="a%29pobh%2Fsesqai">ἀποβήσεσθαι</w>.
7
<w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="e%29rome%2Fnou">ἐρομένου</w> <w lemma="ti%2Fna">τίνα</w> <w lemma="fobei%3Dtai">φοβεῖται</w>, <w lemma="fobei%3Dsqai">φοβεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffhsen">ἔφησεν</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Afi%2Flippos">Φίλιππος</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%2Fna">οὐδένα</w> <w lemma="plh%5Cn">πλὴν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="qeou%2Fs">θεούς</w>, <w lemma="a%29pistei%3Dn">ἀπιστεῖν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fstois">πλείστοις</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="paro%2Fntwn">παρόντων</w>, <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29twloi%3Ds">Αἰτωλοῖς</w>.
8
<w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="strathgou%3D">στρατηγοῦ</w> <w lemma="qauma%2Fsantos">θαυμάσαντος</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="fh%2Fsantos">φήσαντος</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Fson">ἴσον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsi">πᾶσι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ki%2Fndunon">κίνδυνον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="koino%5Cn">κοινὸν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="kairo%2Fn">καιρόν</w>, <w lemma="metalabw%5Cn">μεταλαβὼν</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Afi%2Flippos">Φίλιππος</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffhsen">ἔφησεν</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="o%29rqw%3Ds">ὀρθῶς</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgein:">λέγειν·</w>
9
<w lemma="%2Afaine%2Fou">Φαινέου</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="paqo%2Fntos">παθόντος</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="pollou%5Cs">πολλοὺς</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="strathgh%2Fsontas">στρατηγήσοντας</w> <w lemma="%2Aai%29twlw%3Dn">Αἰτωλῶν</w>, <w lemma="%2Afili%2Fppou">Φιλίππου</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29polome%2Fnou">ἀπολομένου</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="paro%5Cn">παρὸν</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="basileu%2Fsonta">βασιλεύσοντα</w> <w lemma="%2Amakedo%2Fnwn">Μακεδόνων</w>.
10
<w lemma="e%29do%2Fkei">ἐδόκει</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsi">πᾶσι</w> <w lemma="fortikw%3Ds">φορτικῶς</w> <w lemma="kata%2Frxesqai">κατάρχεσθαι</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="o%28mili%2Fas">ὁμιλίας</w>. <w lemma="o%28%2Fmws">ὅμως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgein">λέγειν</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29ke%2Fleuen">ἐκέλευεν</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Ftos">Τίτος</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="pa%2Frestin">πάρεστιν</w>.
11
<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Afi%2Flippos">Φίλιππος</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffh">ἔφη</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3D%7C">αὑτῷ</w> <w lemma="kaqh%2Fkein">καθήκειν</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29kei%2Fnw%7C:">ἐκείνῳ·</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fper">διόπερ</w> <w lemma="h%29ci%2Fou">ἠξίου</w> <w lemma="diasafei%3Dn">διασαφεῖν</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Ati%2Fton">Τίτον</w> <w lemma="ti%2F">τί</w> <w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="poih%2Fsanta">ποιήσαντα</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="ei%29rh%2Fnhn">εἰρήνην</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fgein">ἄγειν</w>.
12
<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fwn">Ῥωμαίων</w> <w lemma="strathgo%5Cs">στρατηγὸς</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3D%7C">αὑτῷ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%28plou%3Dn">ἁπλοῦν</w> <w lemma="tina">τινα</w> <w lemma="lo%2Fgon">λόγον</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Ffh">ἔφη</w> <w lemma="kaqh%2Fkein">καθήκειν</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="faino%2Fmenon">φαινόμενον</w>.
13
<w lemma="keleu%2Fein">κελεύειν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28ella%2Fdos">Ἑλλάδος</w> <w lemma="a%28pa%2Fshs">ἁπάσης</w> <w lemma="e%29kxwrei%3Dn">ἐκχωρεῖν</w>, <w lemma="a%29podo%2Fnta">ἀποδόντα</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="ai%29xmalw%2Ftous">αἰχμαλώτους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="au%29tomo%2Flous">αὐτομόλους</w> <w lemma="e%28ka%2Fstois">ἑκάστοις</w> <w lemma="ou%28%5Cs">οὓς</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxei">ἔχει</w>,
14
<w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29illuri%2Fda">Ἰλλυρίδα</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpous">τόπους</w> <w lemma="paradou%3Dnai">παραδοῦναι</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai%2Fois">Ῥωμαίοις</w>, <w lemma="w%28%3Dn">ὧν</w> <w lemma="ge%2Fgone">γέγονε</w> <w lemma="ku%2Frios">κύριος</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29hpei%2Frw%7C">Ἠπείρῳ</w> <w lemma="dialu%2Fseis:">διαλύσεις·</w> <w lemma="o%28moi%2Fws">ὁμοίως</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aptolemai%2Fw%7C">Πτολεμαίῳ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="po%2Fleis">πόλεις</w> <w lemma="a%29pokatasth%3Dsai">ἀποκαταστῆσαι</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fsas">πάσας</w>, <w lemma="a%28%5Cs">ἃς</w> <w lemma="parh%2F%7Crhtai">παρῄρηται</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Aptolemai%2Fou">Πτολεμαίου</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Afilopa%2Ftoros">Φιλοπάτορος</w> <w lemma="qa%2Fnaton">θάνατον</w>.
<head>I. Affairs of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Macedonia&groupId=723&placeId=428">Macedonia</a> and Greece</head><head>Flamininus and Philip</head>When the time fixed for the conference came, Philip arrived, having sailed from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Demetrias&groupId=536&placeId=1006">Demetrias</a> to the Melian gulf with five galleys and a beaked ship in which he travelled himself.
He was accompanied by the Macedonians Apollodorus and Demosthenes, his secretaries, by Brachylles from Boeotia, and by Cycliadas the Achaean, who had had to leave the Peloponnesus for the reasons stated above.
Flamininus had with him King <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Amynander&groupId=324&placeId=631">Amynander</a> and the representative of Attalus Dionysodorus, and on the part of cities and nations Aristaenus and Xenophon from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a>, Acesimbrotus, the admiral, from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a>, and from Aetolia the strategus Phaeneas and several other politicians.
Flamininus and those with him reached the sea at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Nicaea&groupId=792&placeId=1431">Nicaea</a> and waited standing on the beach, but Philip on approaching land remained afloat.
When Flamininus asked him to come ashore he rose from his place on the ship and said he would not disembark.
Upon Flamininus again asking him of whom he was afraid Philip said he was afraid of no one but the gods, but he was suspicious of most of those present and especially of the Aetolians.
When the Roman general expressed his surprise and said that the danger was the same for all and the chances equal, Philip said he was not right;
for if anything happened to Phaeneas, there were many who could be strategi of the Aetolians, but if Philip perished there was no one at present to occupy the throne of Macedon.
He seemed to them to have opened the conference with little dignity, but Flamininus, however, begged him to state his reasons for attending it.
Philip said it was not his own business to speak first, but that of Flamininus, and he therefore asked him to explain what he should do to keep the peace.
The Roman general said that what it was his duty to say was simple and obvious.
He demanded that Philip should withdraw from the whole of Greece after giving up to each power the prisoners and deserters in his hands;
that he should surrender to the Romans the district of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a> that had fallen into his power after the treaty made in Epirus, and likewise restore to Ptolemy all the towns that he had taken from him after the death of Ptolemy Philopator.

Walbank Commentary

Overview
18.0.0 - 18.12.0
<p rend="Plain Text">The conference in Locris and its aftermath</p> <p rend="Plain Text">The Roman campaigns against Philip between autumn 200 and the end of the campaigning season of 198 were described in xvii; P.'s account was followed by Livy, xxxi. 22. 4–47. 3 (200–199), xxxii. 4. 1–6. 4 (autumn 199–spring 198), 9. 6–25. 12 (spring–autumn 198), who thus subdivided P.'s narrative for 199/8 so as to have three sections corresponding to the commands of P. Sulpicius Galba (cos. 200), P. Villius Tappulus (cos. 199), and T. Quinctius Flamininus (cos. 198); see Nissen, KU, 133. By autumn 198 Philip had retired behind <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Tempe&groupId=1015&placeId=1786">Tempe</a> (Livy, xxxii. 15. 9) leaving <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thessaly&groupId=1028&placeId=1816">Thessaly</a> to the Romans, the Aetolians (allied to the Romans since September 199), and the Athamanians; he had lost most of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Euboea&groupId=584&placeId=1091">Euboea</a>, and much of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phocis&groupId=892&placeId=1606">Phocis</a> and Locris, Epirus had half-defected and recently, in October 198, the Achaeans had gone over to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>. Philip therefore decided to treat and sent a caduceator to Flaminius requesting a conference (Livy, xxxii. 32. 5); and seeing in such a conference a useful manuvre to gain time when the question of his own succession was being debated at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, Flaminius granted Philip's request (Livy, xxxii. 32. 6–8).</p> <p rend="Plain Text">The conference took place in November, as the following evidence makes clear:</p> <p rend="Plain Text">(a) The Aetolian general for 198/7, Phaeneas, has already assumed office (1. 4).</p> <p rend="Plain Text">(b) It is already the bad season, <w lang="el-GR">χειμών</w> (9. 10).</p> <p rend="Plain Text"> (c) Four events follow in close succession: Flamininus' capture of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Elatea&groupId=558&placeId=1045">Elatea</a> (Livy, xxxii. 24. 1–7), the rising against Philip at Opus (Livy, xxxii. 32. 1–2), Flamininus' arrival at Opus (Livy, xxxii. 32. 3–4), the sending of Philip's caduceator (Livy, xxxii. 32. 5). About the same time that the siege of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Elatea&groupId=558&placeId=1045">Elatea</a> began, attempts were made at a meeting at Sicyon to win over the Achaeans; and Aristaenus was still in office, i.e. it was not yet the autumn equinox of 198, for <milestone unit="page" n="548">[548]</milestone> Aristaenus was general in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> 199/8 (Aymard, REA, 1928, 3–4). These negotiations were successful and were followed, probably still during Aristaenus' generalship, by an attack on <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Corinth&groupId=493&placeId=928">Corinth</a> (Livy, xxxii. 19. 1, 21. 14, 23. 3); the Roman and Pergamene fleets then went into winter quarters (Livy, xxxii. 23. 13), a procedure which usually occurred in mid-September, but could be later. These dates are somewhat elastic and lead Aymard (PR, 80–81 n. 49) to date the meeting at Sicyon about the middle, and the fall of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Elatea&groupId=558&placeId=1045">Elatea</a> about the end, of October, Holleaux (tudes, v. 77–79) a fortnight earlier. In either case a week or two would have to be allowed before the conference met; and this would therefore be in November. See further De Sanctis, iv. 1. 385; Walbank, Philip, 320–1. </p> <p rend="Plain Text">P.'s account of the conference probably derives from the report brought back by the Achaean representatives; and since Xenophon also went on to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (10. 11), he can also have brought back the story of Flamininus' intrigue (9. 5 n.). For secondary accounts cf. Livy, xxxii. 32. 5–36.10; Plut. Flam. 5. 6, 7. 1; App. Mac. 8; Iustin. xxx. 3. 8–10, 4. 5; Zon. ix. 16. 4; all derive ultimately from P. (cf. Holleaux, tudes, v. 29–30 n. 2). For recent discussion see Holleaux, tudes, v. 29–79; Aymard, PR, 114–27; F. M. Wood, TAPA, 1939, 93–103; ASP, 1941, 277–98 (defending Flamininus); Walbank, Philip, 159–62; Scullard, Pol. 101–4; Stier, 128–30.</p>
Specifics
18.1.1 - 18.1.1
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐκ Δημητριάδος</w>:</emph> still in Philip's hands, cf. 11. 4. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">λέμβους . . . πρίστιν</w>:</emph> cf. i. 20. 13 n., xvi. 2. 9 n. The pristis is a small boat, though Livy translates by nauis rostrata. </p>
18.1.2 - 18.1.2
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀπολλόδωρος καὶ Δημοσθένης</w>:</emph> cf. 8. 7, 34. 4. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Βραχύλλης</w>:</emph> son of Neon and grandson of Ascondas, who like him were warm supporters of Macedon; he had been appointed <w lang="el-GR">ἐπιστάτης</w> of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a> by Doson after <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sellasia&groupId=966&placeId=1714">Sellasia</a> (xx. 5. 5; ii. 70. 1 n.). On his later murder by the pro-Roman party see 43. 1–13, xx. 7. 3, xxii. 4. 7. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Κυκλιάδας</w>:</emph> cf. 34. 4. Cycliadas had led the pro-Macedonian party in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> (Livy, xxxii. 19. 2), and had been elected general in autumn 200 (Livy, xxxi. 25. 3), but had resisted Philip's attempt to involve <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> in the war (Livy, xxxi. 25. 8–9). The swing-over to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> in 198 caused his banishment (Livy, xxxii. 19. 2), which P. must have mentioned in xvii <w lang="el-GR">(τὰς πρότερον . . . εἰρημένας αἰτίας)</w>. Though Brachylles commanded the Boeotians serving with Philip (43. 3), both he and Cycliadas were here in a purely personal capacity, as a counter-weight, Aymard suggests (PR, 116–17), to the large array of Greeks which Philip rightly expected to see mustered against him. </p>
18.1.3 - 18.1.3
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοῦ Τίτου</w>:</emph> T. Quinctius T.f. L.n. Flamininus, the consul for A.U.C. 556 = 198 B.C.; cf. H. Gundel, RE, 'Quinctius (45)', cols. 1047–1100. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀμύνανδρος</w>:</emph> <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Amynander&groupId=324&placeId=631">Amynander</a> of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athamania&groupId=377&placeId=710">Athamania</a> (cf. iv. 16. 9 n., xi. 4. 1–6. <milestone unit="page" n="549">[549]</milestone> 10 n., 7. 2–3 n., xvi. 27. 5 n.); he had gone over from Philip to the Romans in the winter of 200–199 (cf. Livy, xxxi. 28. 1). </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Διονυσόδωρος</w>:</emph> Attalus' admiral at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Chios&groupId=462&placeId=863">Chios</a>: cf. xvi. 3. 7. </p>
18.1.4 - 18.1.4
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀρίσταινος καὶ Ξενοφῶν</w>:</emph> <w lang="el-GR">Ἀρισταίνετος</w> FS, corr. Schweighaeuser; cf. 13. 8, xi. 11. 7 n. Aristaenus, the Achaean general for 199/8 had brought <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Achaea&groupId=272&placeId=533">Achaea</a> over to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> at the council held at Sicyon in October 198 (Livy, xxxii. 23. 1–3). Xenophon of Aegium (cf. 10. 11, xxviii. 19. 3) is perhaps identical with a Delphic proxenos of 195/4 (Syll. 585, l. 29, <w lang="el-GR">Ξενοφῶν Εὐρυλέοντος Αἰγιεύς)</w>, and in that case he is probably the son of the Euryleon who appears to be Achaean general in 211/10 (x. 21. 1 n.). Alcithus of Aegium, mentioned in xxviii. 19. 3, will be his son. On Aristaenus see the Addenda. On Aristaenus see M. Guarducci, IC, ii, Aptera, 6 F, with note; Bouquet, BCH, 1964, 607–9, for a dedication to Flamininus by Aristaenus. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ἀκεσίμβροτος</w>:</emph> evidently the successor of Cleonaeus, whom Theophiliscus designated to succeed him on his death at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Chios&groupId=462&placeId=863">Chios</a> (xvi. 9. 1). Cleonaeus, Acesimbrotus, and Eudamus are named as successors in the navarchate in Syll. 673, an inscription honouring a Nisyrian who had served in the Rhodian navy; cf. xvi. 9. 1 n. Acesimbrotus evidently took over the office in 200 or 199, and probably held it till the end of the Second Macedonian War (cf. Livy, xxxi. 46. 6, 47. 2, xxxii. 16. 6; Holleaux, tudes, iv. 171; Fraser and Bean, 148 n. 6). </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Φαινέας ὁ στρατηγός</w>:</emph> Aetolian general for 198/7, a native of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Arsinoe&groupId=370&placeId=700">Arsinoe</a> (Syll. 610, l. 8; cf. IG, ix <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> . 1. 31, l. 20); he is known from several inscriptions dating from this year (GDI, 2000, 2001, 2073, 2074). Phaeneas later appears supporting a pro-Roman policy in Aetolia (cf. xx. 9. 1 n.). See W. Hoffmann, RE, 'Phaineas', cols. 1563–5. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἕτεροι τῶν πολιτευομένων</w>:</emph> i.e. in Aetolia; one is Alexander the Isian (3. 1); but there were many others, probably those later sent to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (10. 9–10). It was the large number of Aetolians present that aroused Philip's anxiety (§ 7: cf. Holleaux, tudes, v. 34 n. 3). </p>
18.1.5 - 18.1.5
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ Νίκαιαν</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxxii. 32. 9, 'in sinu Maliaco prope Nicaeam litus elegere'. On <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Nicaea&groupId=792&placeId=1431">Nicaea</a> see x. 42. 4 n. </p>
18.1.7 - 18.1.7
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">φοβεῖσθαι . . . οὐδένα πλὴν τοὺς θεού?ς</w>:</emph> an orthodox remark, of little value as evidence for Philip's religious beliefs (on these see Walbank, Philip, 267 ff.). Stier, 128 n. 288 (cf. Welt als Geschichte, 1941, 51), utters a warning against Hultsch's comparison of a similar remark of Bismarck, 'Wir Deutschen frchten Gott, aber sonst nichts in dieser Welt'. Philip is mainly concerned to draw a hair-splitting distinction between fear and distrust. </p>
18.1.12 - 18.1.12
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἁπλοῦν . . . καὶ φαινόμενον</w>:</emph> 'simple and clear'. </p>
18.1.13 - 18.1.13
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐκ . . . τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἁπάσης ἐκχωρεῖν</w>:</emph> cf. 2. 6, 9. 1; this demand had already been made at the conference on the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Aous&groupId=338&placeId=656">Aous</a> in June 198, which preceded Philip's defeat and retreat into <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thessaly&groupId=1028&placeId=1816">Thessaly</a> (Livy, xxxii. 10. 3; Diod. xxviii. 11, both from P.; Walbank, Philip, 151–2). It represents an advance on the original ultimatum (xvi. 27. 2, 34. 5), which merely required Philip to cease making war on the Greeks. <milestone unit="page" n="550">[550]</milestone> On the new policy, hardly that of Flamininus alone, see Badian, 70–71; it was the Senate that rejected Philip's embassy in the winter of 198/7 (11. 12–14). How much this policy owed to Hellenistic precedents (cf. Tubler, 432–6; Sherwin-White, 150–1; Scullard, Pol. 100 f.) is debatable; Badian, 73–74, stresses the Roman antecedents in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sicily&groupId=973&placeId=1724">Sicily</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a>, but Greek propaganda will itself have played a considerable part in shaping policy. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀποδόντα τοὺς αἰχμαλώτους κτλ</w>.:</emph> cf. Livy, xxxii. 33. 3, 'captiuos et transfugas sociis populi Romani reddendos'. <w lang="el-GR">ἑκάστοις</w> implies that Flamininus spoke for the allies as well, and there is no reason to reject this (so Holleaux, 36–37 n. 8) because Dionysodorus independently demands the return of Pergamene prisoners (2. 2) or because Philip offers to return the prisoners 'to the Romans' (8. 10). </p>
18.1.14 - 18.1.14
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς . . . κατὰ τὴν Ἰλλυρίδα τόπους παραδοῦναι</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxxii. 33. 3, 'restituenda Romanis ea Illyrici loca, quae post pacem in Epiro factam occupasset'. That the words <w lang="el-GR">μετὰ τὰς ἐν Ἠπείρῳ διαλύσεις</w> mean 'in consequence of, and as a result of, the peace of Phoenice' (so Zippel, 73; Holleaux, 278 n. 1; tudes, v. 37 n. 9) is hard to credit in the light of the parallel phrase <w lang="el-GR">μετὰ τὸν . . . θάνατον</w> in § 14; see Badian, Studies, 33 n. 102; Balsdon, CQ, 1953, 163–4. (Oost's recent defence of Holleaux's interpretation (CP, 1959, 158–64) based in part on a supposed distinction between the <w lang="el-GR">διαλύσεις</w> in Epirus and the ratification of the treaty at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (not supported by Polybian usage: cf. i. 65. 1), is unconvincing.) But where these Illyrian places are to be sought is uncertain. It is unlikely that they were among the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Parthini&groupId=846&placeId=1527">Parthini</a>, as has been thought (cf. 47. 12 n.); and the most probable view is that they represent acquisitions of areas not directly linked with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a>, perhaps in 204 (cf. xiii. 10. 11). <w lang="el-GR">(παραδοῦναι</w> is 'to hand over': it is Livy who introduces the idea of restoration with his 'restituenda'.) This would explain why there was no reference to encroachment in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a> in the ultimatum of 200. Attempts have been made to see references to these Illyrian places in the annalistic tradition. Livy speaks of Philip's 'infidam aduersus Aetolos aliosque regionis eiusdem socios pacem' (Livy, xxxi. 1. 9), and tells how 'legati sociarum urbium ex Graecia questi essent uastatos agros ab regiis praesidiis' (Livy, xxx. 26. 2). Three Roman envoys are sent to protest to Philip (Livy, xxx. 26. 4) and Aurelius Cotta remains behind 'ne socii populi Romani fessi populationibus ui atque iniuria ad regem deficerent' (Livy, xxx. 42. 5). It has been suggested that these socii are the Illyrians mentioned here (cf. Badian, 61; for another suggestion as to their identity cf. 3. 12 n.); but the whole context of these exchanges is dubious, the location of the allies is suspiciously vague, and there is no evidence at all that Illyrians are meant (cf. Ferro, 12). </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὧν γέγονε κύριος</w>:</emph> 'which he had seized' rather than 'which he retained' (cf. Balsdon, CQ, 1953, 163 n. 5). <milestone unit="page" n="551">[551]</milestone> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μετὰ τὰς ἐν Ἠπείρῳ διαλύσεις</w>:</emph> the Peace of Phoenice, negotiated between Philip and P. Sempronius Tuditanus in 205, concluded the First Macedonian War. Its clauses were (a) that Philip should surrender to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> the land of the <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Parthini&groupId=846&placeId=1527">Parthini</a>, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Dimale&groupId=539&placeId=1014">Dimale</a>, and the unidentified towns of Bargullum and Eugenium, (b) that subject to the Senate's confirmation he was to have <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Atintania&groupId=381&placeId=719">Atintania</a> (probably together with his gains of 217 in Dassaretia (v. 108) and those of 213 in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Illyria&groupId=647&placeId=1186">Illyria</a> (viii. 38, Dassaretae; Livy, xxvii. 30. 13, xxix. 12. 13, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Atintania&groupId=381&placeId=719">Atintania</a>); see Livy, xxix. 12. 13–15; App. Mac. 3). Livy lists, as foederi adscripti, Prusias, the Achaeans, the Boeotians, the Thessalians, the Acarnanians, the Epirotes, on Philip's side, and on the Roman side the people of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ilium&groupId=645&placeId=1183">Ilium</a>, Attalus, Pleuratus, Nabis, the Eleans, the Messenians, and the Athenians. It is argued above (xvi. 13. 3 n.) that <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Elis&groupId=560&placeId=1048">Elis</a>, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Messenia&groupId=760&placeId=1380">Messenia</a>, and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Sparta&groupId=660&placeId=1208">Sparta</a> are to be accepted; but many of the names look like annalistic additions. <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Ilium&groupId=645&placeId=1183">Ilium</a> is improbable, for had she established close links with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> by now, <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lampsacus&groupId=666&placeId=1218">Lampsacus</a> would almost certainly have enlisted her aid in her appeal to be included in the treaty with Philip in 197, rather than that of distant <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Massilia&groupId=739&placeId=1351">Massilia</a> (Syll. 591). <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athens&groupId=379&placeId=715">Athens</a> is likely to have been included incorrectly to support the account of the origins of the war in which she was made to play a major part. It has been suggested that the Phocians, Euboeans, and Epicnemidian Locrians were included in the treaty, but that their names were accidentally omitted by Livy or P., his source (cf. Holleaux, 259 n. 2); but they were at this time directly under Philip's control, and so had no share in the treaty (cf. Daux, 236–7; Feyel, 152; above, v. 26. 1 n., x. 42. 2 n.). There is a long bibliography on this peace: see Walbank, Philip, 103–4 n. 6, and for later discussion, Petzold, 11–30; Balsdon, JRS, 1954, 33–34; Piraino, Riv. fil. 1955, 57–73; Badian, 58–59; Ferro, 20. For the Peace of Phoenice see Schmitt, SV A, iii. no. 543. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Πτολεμαίῳ τὰς πόλεις ἀποκαταστῆσαι</w>:</emph> the towns in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thrace&groupId=1030&placeId=509">Thrace</a> taken by Philip in 200 (cf. xvi. 34. 3–4 n.) and perhaps also <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Samos&groupId=944&placeId=1680">Samos</a> (cf. xvi. 2. 9 n.; Habicht, Ath. Mitt. 1957, 240 n. 113); Philip at this time possessed no Ptolemaic cities in Asia: see the full discussion of Holleaux, tudes, iv. 298–335. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">μετὰ τὸν . . . Φιλοπάτορος θάνατον</w>:</emph> see xiv. 11–12 n. for its date. </p>
Addenda & corrigenda
18.1.4 - 18.1.4
<p rend="Plain Text">on Aristaenus see M. Guarducci, IC, ii, Aptera, 6 F, with note; Bouquet, BCH, 1964, 607–9, for a dedication to Flamininus by Aristaenus.</p>
18.1.2 - 18.1.2
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold">1. 2. <w lang="el-GR">Κυκλιάδας</w>:</emph> in l. 5 of the note, for '199' read '198'. </p>
18.1.14 - 18.1.14
<p rend="Plain Text">for the Peace of Phoenice see Schmitt, SV A, iii. no. 543.</p>
18.1.0 - 18.5.0
<p rend="Plain Text">P. 634: Book III, in 1. 6 of the note, for 'ix. 10. 5' read 'xi. 10. 5' and for 'ix. 1 a 5' read 'xi. 1 a 5'.</p>

Commentary