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Book 16 - Chapter 1

1
<head lang="la">I. Res Macedoniae</head><w lemma="%2A%28%2Foti">Ὅτι</w> <w lemma="%2Afi%2Flippos">Φίλιππος</w> <w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="basileu%5Cs">βασιλεὺς</w> <w lemma="parageno%2Fmenos">παραγενόμενος</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Ape%2Frgamon">Πέργαμον</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="nomi%2Fzwn">νομίζων</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Don">οἷον</w> <w lemma="au%29to%2Fxeir">αὐτόχειρ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29atta%2Flou">Ἀττάλου</w> <w lemma="gene%2Fsqai">γενέσθαι</w> <w lemma="pa%3Dsan">πᾶσαν</w> <w lemma="ai%29ki%2Fan">αἰκίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29napedei%2Fknuto">ἐναπεδείκνυτο</w>.
2
<w lemma="xarizo%2Fmenos">χαριζόμενος</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="oi%28%3Don">οἷον</w> <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="luttw%3Dnti">λυττῶντι</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="qumw%3D%7C">θυμῷ</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="plei%3Don">πλεῖον</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="o%29rgh%3Ds">ὀργῆς</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29nqrw%2Fpous">ἀνθρώπους</w>, <w lemma="a%29ll%27">ἀλλ᾽</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="qeou%5Cs">θεοὺς</w> <w lemma="dieti%2Fqeto">διετίθετο</w>.
3
<w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="a%29krobolismou%5Cs">ἀκροβολισμοὺς</w> <w lemma="eu%29xerw%3Ds">εὐχερῶς</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="a%29ph%2Frukon">ἀπήρυκον</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpwn">τόπων</w> <w lemma="o%29xuro%2Fthtas">ὀχυρότητας</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Ape%2Frgamon">Πέργαμον</w> <w lemma="parafula%2Fttontes:">παραφυλάττοντες·</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fras">χώρας</w> <w lemma="ou%29de%5Cn">οὐδὲν</w> <w lemma="w%29felei%3Dto">ὠφελεῖτο</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="pronenoh%3Dsqai">προνενοῆσθαι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fattalon">Ἄτταλον</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftwn">τούτων</w> <w lemma="e%29pimelw%3Ds">ἐπιμελῶς</w>.
4
<w lemma="loipo%5Cn">λοιπὸν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="qew%3Dn">θεῶν</w> <w lemma="e%28%2Fdh">ἕδη</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="teme%2Fnh">τεμένη</w> <w lemma="dieti%2Fqeto">διετίθετο</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="o%29rgh%2Fn">ὀργήν</w>, <w lemma="u%28bri%2Fzwn">ὑβρίζων</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fattalon">Ἄτταλον</w>, <w lemma="w%28%2Fs">ὥς</w> <w lemma="g%27">γ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29moi%5C">ἐμοὶ</w> <w lemma="dokei%3D">δοκεῖ</w>, <w lemma="polu%5C">πολὺ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="ma%3Dllon">μᾶλλον</w> <w lemma="e%28auto%2Fn">ἑαυτόν</w>.
5
<w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="mo%2Fnon">μόνον</w> <w lemma="e%29nepi%2Fmpra">ἐνεπίμπρα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kataspw%3Dn">κατασπῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29rri%2Fptei">ἐρρίπτει</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="new%5Cs">νεὼς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="bwmou%2Fs">βωμούς</w>, <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="li%2Fqous">λίθους</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fqraue">ἔθραυε</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="mhde%5C">μηδὲ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Flin">πάλιν</w> <w lemma="a%29nastaqh%3Dnai">ἀνασταθῆναι</w> <w lemma="mhde%5Cn">μηδὲν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="katefqarme%2Fnwn">κατεφθαρμένων</w>.
6
<w lemma="e%29pei%5C">ἐπεὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Anikhfo%2Frion">Νικηφόριον</w> <w lemma="e%29lumh%2Fnato">ἐλυμήνατο</w>, <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Flsos">ἄλσος</w> <w lemma="e%29ktemw%2Fn">ἐκτεμών</w>, <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%2Fbolon">περίβολον</w> <w lemma="diarri%2Fyas">διαρρίψας</w>, <w lemma="tou%2Fs">τούς</w> <w lemma="te">τε</w> <w lemma="naou%5Cs">ναοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="qemeli%2Fwn">θεμελίων</w> <w lemma="a%29ne%2Fskaye">ἀνέσκαψε</w>, <w lemma="pollou%5Cs">πολλοὺς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="polutelei%3Ds">πολυτελεῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28pa%2Frxontas">ὑπάρχοντας</w>,
7
<w lemma="w%28%2Frmhse">ὥρμησε</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="a%29rxa%5Cs">ἀρχὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Aquatei%2Frwn:">Θυατείρων·</w> <w lemma="e%29kei%3Dqen">ἐκεῖθεν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="poihsa%2Fmenos">ποιησάμενος</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29nazugh%5Cn">ἀναζυγὴν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="%2Aqh%2Fbhs">Θήβης</w> <w lemma="pedi%2Fon">πεδίον</w> <w lemma="ei%29se%2Fbale">εἰσέβαλε</w>, <w lemma="nomi%2Fzwn">νομίζων</w> <w lemma="eu%29porh%2Fsein">εὐπορήσειν</w> <w lemma="lei%2Fas">λείας</w> <w lemma="ma%2Flista">μάλιστα</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftous">τούτους</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpous">τόπους</w>.
8
<w lemma="a%29popesw%5Cn">ἀποπεσὼν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tau%2Fths">ταύτης</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="e%29lpi%2Fdos">ἐλπίδος</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parageno%2Fmenos">παραγενόμενος</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="%2A%28iera%5Cn">Ἱερὰν</w> <w lemma="kw%2Fmhn">κώμην</w>, <w lemma="diepe%2Fmpeto">διεπέμπετο</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Azeu%3Dcin">Ζεῦξιν</w>, <w lemma="parakalw%3Dn">παρακαλῶν</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cn">αὐτὸν</w> <w lemma="si%3Dton">σῖτον</w> <w lemma="xorhgh%3Dsai">χορηγῆσαι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="loipa%5C">λοιπὰ</w> <w lemma="sumpra%2Fttein">συμπράττειν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fkas">συνθήκας</w>.
9
<w lemma="o%28">ὁ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Azeu%3Dcis">Ζεῦξις</w> <w lemma="u%28pekri%2Fneto">ὑπεκρίνετο</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dn">ποιεῖν</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="sunqh%2Fkas">συνθήκας</w>, <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29bou%2Fleto">ἐβούλετο</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="swmatopoiei%3Dn">σωματοποιεῖν</w> <w lemma="a%29lhqinw%3Ds">ἀληθινῶς</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2Afi%2Flippon">Φίλιππον</w>. —
<head>I. Affairs of Macedonia</head><head>Philip\'s Operations in Asia Minor</head>King Philip, on reaching <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pergamon&groupId=867&placeId=1562">Pergamon</a> and thinking he had almost given a death-blow to Attalus, showed himself capable of every kind occurring.
For yielding to anger little less than insane he spent most of his fury not on men but on the gods.
In the skirmishes which took place the garrison of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pergamon&groupId=867&placeId=1562">Pergamon</a> easily kept him at a distance owing to the strength of the town. But as he got little booty from the country owing to the care Attalus had taken to prevent this, he henceforth wreaked his fury on the statues and sanctuaries of the gods, outraging, in my opinion, not Attalus but rather himself.
For he not only burnt and pulled down temples and altars, but even broke up the stones so that none of the things he destroyed could ever be repaired.
After he had laid waste the Nicephorium where he cut down the holy grove, pulled down the wall enclosing it and dug up the temples, which were numerous and splendid, from their foundations,
he first proceeded to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Thyatira&groupId=1034&placeId=1822">Thyatira</a>, and upon leaving that city invaded the plain of Thebe, thinking that that district would afford him plenty of booty.
When he was foiled in this expectation also and reached Hiera Come, he sent a message to Zeuxis, begging him to supply him with corn and to support him according to the terms of their agreement.
Zeuxis pretended to do this, but had no intention of giving Philip any real and substantial support of the kind.

Walbank Commentary

Overview
16.1.0 - 16.1.0
<p rend="Plain Text">Philip's attack on Pergamum</p>
16.1.1 - 16.1.9
<p rend="Plain Text">Position in xvi: since Schweighaeuser (vii. 234) editors have placed this chapter at the beginning of xvi. See p. 24 for the argument that it should stand between 9 and 10.</p>
16.1.0 - 16.9.0
<p rend="Plain Text">The battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Chios&groupId=462&placeId=863">Chios</a>.</p> <p rend="Plain Text">Philip opened his campaign of 201 by sailing across the Aegean to Asia Minor, probably annexing the Cyclades en route (cf. Livy, xxxi. 15. 8, 31. 4, for Andros, Cythnos, and Paros; Holleaux, tudes, iv. 272; Fraser-Bean, 159). The seizure of the Cyclades was a chal-lenge to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rhodes&groupId=931&placeId=1665">Rhodes</a> under whose unofficial control they were. Philip next put in at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Samos&groupId=944&placeId=1680">Samos</a>, taking it and the ships stationed there from Ptolemy (cf. 2. 4, 2. 9 n.); he will then have proceeded north past Ephesus, New Colophon, Lebedos, Teos, and round C. Corycus to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Chios&groupId=462&placeId=863">Chios</a>. Holleaux (tudes, iv. 267) has argued from Cretan inscriptions relating to the <w lang="el-GR">ἀσυλία</w> of Teos that Philip took over this town now; this is question-able (cf. Walbank, Philip, 121 n. 3; Ferro, 61 n. 136).</p> <p rend="Plain Text"> Sources: the criticism of Zeno and Antisthenes in 14. 1 ff. suggests that they were a major source for P.'s account of the battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Chios&groupId=462&placeId=863">Chios</a>, as well as for the other events of this year; and this would explain the pro-Rhodian version of the battle, with the absurdly small figures of Rhodian losses (7. 4–5). The Rhodian proper names also point to a Rhodian source (cf. 5. 1 n.). But we do not know whether Zeno (and Antisthenes?) was P.'s only source, nor is it easy to know what allowance to make for Rhodian exaggeration. Beloch (in GerckeNorden, Einleitung in die Altertumswissenschaft (LeipzigBerlin, 1912), iii. 130) makes <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Chios&groupId=462&placeId=863">Chios</a> a Macedonian victory, and Tarn (JRS, 1941, 172) writes that 'there is little doubt that Philip knocked Attalus right out for the time being and handled the Rhodians <milestone unit="page" n="503">[503]</milestone> so roughly that at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lade&groupId=663&placeId=1213">Lade</a> most of their ships ran away'; but to Holleaux (tudes, iv. 244) 'la vrit est que la journe demeura indcise' P.'s picture of a decisive Macedonian defeat is inconsistent with the details he quotes, though indeed if Holleaux's restoration of OGIS, 283, is correct (tudes, ii. 43–49) Attalus made a dedication to Zeus and Athena Nicephoros from the spoils of the battle. See further Ullrich, 36–41. Against the view that P. used the Rhodian record office see Vol. I, p. 31 n. 8. P.'s account of the battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Chios&groupId=462&placeId=863">Chios</a> is defended by D. Roussel, REG, 1969, 336–41. R. M. Berthold, Historia, 1975, 150–63, argues for the order of events <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lade&groupId=663&placeId=1213">Lade</a>–Pergamum–<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Chios&groupId=462&placeId=863">Chios</a>. </p>
Specifics
16.1.1 - 16.1.1
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">παραγενόμενος εἰς τὸ Πέργαμον</w>:</emph> if the above arguments are accepted, this followed on Philip's defeat at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Chios&groupId=462&placeId=863">Chios</a> (2–9), in which he claimed, however, the victory over Attalus (8. 2). Philip's route is unknown. Holleaux (tudes, iv. 253), who sets the invasion after <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lade&groupId=663&placeId=1213">Lade</a>, assumes a land march north from Miletus (15. 6 n.). But from the straits of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Chios&groupId=462&placeId=863">Chios</a> he more probably sailed to some convenient point near the mouth of the Caicus (cf. Magie, ii. 749 n. 39); his object was evidently to catch Attalus before he reached home (cf. Diod. xxviii. 5, <w lang="el-GR">τοῦτον οὐ κατέλαβε περὶ τούτους τοὺς τόπους)</w>. </p> <p rend="Plain Text">Philip's invasion probably took place in the second half of June, since he counted on living off the land (§ 3); Attalus, however, had taken steps to prevent this, presumably by hasty harvesting (Holleaux, tudes, iv. 283). The harvest in north-west Anatolia is in late June (Holleaux, loc. cit. n. 5). For several arsenals to the north of the acropolis, suitable for the storage of provisions and ammunition, and showing marks of hasty construction, see E. Boehringer, Alt. v. Perg. x. 48–56; Th. Wiegand, Bericht ber die Ausgrabungen in Per-gamon, 1927 (Abh. Berlin. Akad. 1928, no. 3), 10–11; these belong toAttalus' reign, but there is no positive argument for dating them to this crisis (as Hansen, 54, suggests).</p> <p rend="Plain Text">On the site of Pergamum (mod. Bergama), on a hill to the north of the Caicus, about 20 miles from the mouth, see Hansen, 3–6; Zschietzschmann, RE, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pergamon&groupId=867&placeId=1562">Pergamon</a> (3)', cols. 1241 ff.; above, Vol. I, fig. 12 on p. 602; E. Boehringer, Neue deutsche Ausgrabungen im Mittelmeergebiet und im vorderen Orient (Berlin, 1959), 121–71; cf. J. M. Cook, Arch. Rep. 1959–60, 32.</p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οἷον αὐτόχειρ Ἀττάλου γενέσθαι</w>:</emph> perhaps a reference to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Chios&groupId=462&placeId=863">Chios</a>; cf. 6. 4 ff. Another possibility (cf. Philip, 119 n. 1) is that Attalus had <milestone unit="page" n="500">[500]</milestone> sent troops out to meet Philip, and these had been defeated. This would explain Attalus' failure to offer any real opposition during Philip's invasion (though he made a further appeal to Aetolia, perhaps now, for help: Livy, xxxi. 46. 4). According to Diod. xxviii. 5 Philip vented his spite on the temples <w lang="el-GR">ἐπεὶ τοῦτον</w> (Attalus) <w lang="el-GR">οὐ κατέλαβε περὶ τούτους τοὺς τόπους</w>; but this need not imply that Attalus was absent from Pergamum (so Magie, ii. 748 n. 39). </p>
16.1.2 - 16.1.2
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οἷον εἰ λυττῶντι τῷ θυμῷ</w>:</emph> cf. v. 11. 4, <w lang="el-GR">πῶς οὐκ ἂν εἴποι τις εἶναι τρόπον καὶ θυμοῦ λυττῶντος ἔργον</w>; (of Philip's sacrilege at Thermum), xxxii.15. 8 (of Prusias II at Pergamum). </p>
16.1.3 - 16.1.3
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐδὲν ὠφελεῖτο</w>:</emph> Philip had been forestalled in his hopes of gather-ing in the harvest. </p>
16.1.4 - 16.1.4
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὰ τῶν θεῶν ἕδη</w>:</emph> 'seated statues of the gods'; often linked with temples and sanctuaries (cf. Isoc. Paneg. 155, <w lang="el-GR">τὰ τῶν θεῶν ἕδη καὶ τοὺς νεὼς συλᾶν</w>; Lycurg. 143, <w lang="el-GR">τοὺς νεὼς καὶ τὰ ἕδη καὶ τὰ τεμένη)</w>. For Philip's similar behaviour in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Attica&groupId=383&placeId=721">Attica</a> in 200 cf. Livy, xxxi. 26. 9–13. </p>
16.1.5 - 16.1.5
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοὺς λίθους ἔθραυε</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxxi. 26. 12, 'neque enim diruere modo ipsa templa ac simulacra euertere satis habuit, sed lapides quoque, ne integri cumularent ruinas, frangi iussit'. </p>
16.1.6 - 16.1.6
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸ Νικηφόριον</w>:</emph> the cult title Nicephoros was given to Athena at Pergamum some time between 223 and 201 (see iv. 49. 3 n.); and the Nicephorium was her sanctuary outside the walls. See A. Conze, Alt. v. Perg. i. 2. 233. This sanctuary probably stood on the hill of Musalla Mezarlik to the west of the town, across the River Selinus, where the remains of the Roman theatre, amphitheatre, and circus were located (Hansen, 226; see plan in RE, '<a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Pergamon&groupId=867&placeId=1562">Pergamon</a>', col. 1243), but it has not yet been discovered, though excavations designed to locate it are at present being conducted (cf. E. Boehringer, Neue deutsche Ausgrabungen, 142 ff.; Cook, Arch. Rep. 1959–60, 2). See also L. Robert, t. anat. 86–87. According to xviii. 2. 2 and 6. 4 Philip also destroyed the temple of Aphrodite, the scene of Attalus' victory over the Gauls and Antiochus Hierax in 229 (OGIS, 275); it has not been identified. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τούς τε ναοὺς ἐκ θεμελίων ἀνέσκαψε</w>:</emph> the sacred enclosure was evidently large and contained more than one temple. App. Mac. 4. 1 mentions tombs, perhaps by confusion with Philip's similar behaviour at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Athens&groupId=379&placeId=715">Athens</a> in 200 (Livy, xxxi. 26. 12; Holleaux, tudes, 248 n. 2). </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πολλοὺς καὶ πολυτελεῖς ὑπάρχοντας</w>:</emph> Schwartz, RE, 'Diodoros (38)', col. 689, compares Diod. xxviii. 5 and proposes reading <w lang="el-GR">πολλὰς καὶ πολυτελεῖς</w> 〈<w lang="el-GR">γλυφὰς</w>〉 <w lang="el-GR">ἔχοντας</w>. The change is quite unjustifiable, for the text is clear and unambiguous. </p>
16.1.7 - 16.1.7
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὥρμησε . . . ἐπὶ Θυατείρων</w>:</emph> cf. xxxii. 15. 10. Thyateira (mod. Akhissar) was an important town in fruitful country near the river Lycus (Vol. I, p. 602, fig. 12). After Corupedium (281; see i. 6. 5 n.) Seleucus Nicator occupied it with a Macedonian garrison (BCH, <milestone unit="page" n="501">[501]</milestone> 1887, 466 no. 32), and it was usually Seleucid down to the battle of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Magnesia&groupId=729&placeId=1336">Magnesia</a>, after which it became Pergamene. But at this time Attalus held it (Robert, Villes <emph rend="superscript">2</emph> , 260; cf. Schmitt, Antiochos, 273 n. 3). On Philip's probable route up the Caicus, over the pass of Necrasa (Keil-Premerstein, Bericht ber eine zweite Reise in Lydien (Denkschr. Wien. Akad. iv. 2, 1911), 28) into the valley of the Lycus, see Holleaux, tudes, iv. 248–9. <w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ</w> with the genitive need only imply direction, but <w lang="el-GR">ἐκεῖθεν</w> in the next sentence implies that Philip actually reached Thyateira. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ποιησάμενος τὴν ἀναζυγήν</w>:</emph> 'setting out on his march'. Holleaux, tudes, iv. 249 n. 4, suggests that, exceptionally, this phrase may here have the sense of marching back. This suggestion is unwarranted, for in v. 110. 5 (which he quotes) the idea of a journey back is contained in the word <w lang="el-GR">ἀνάπλουν</w> (as in iii. 96. 13 and xv. 24. 1). In fact Philip's route did involve returning on his tracks: see next note. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">εἰς τὸ Θήβης πεδίον εἰσέβαλε</w>:</emph> cf. xxi. 10. 13. The plain of Thebe lay to the east of the Gulf of Ida and the town of Adramyttium some 40 to 50 miles north of Pergamum; cf. Strabo, xiii. 612; Livy, xxxvii. 19. 7–8; Holleaux, tudes, iv. 249; Ruge, RE, 'Thebe (5)', cols. 1595– 9.Livy, loc. cit., following P., emphasizes the fertility of the plain. To reach it Philip had to retrace his steps to Pergamum, and then con-tinue north-west through the mountainous district of Teuthras (cf. W. M. Ramsay, JHS, 2, 1881, 44 ff.). </p>
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<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">παραγενόμενος εἰς Ἱερὰν κώμην</w>:</emph> cf. xxxii. 15. 10–11, which shows Hiera Come (with its sanctuary of Artemis) to have lain between Thyateira and the river Hermus; and F. Imhoof-Blumer (Lydische Stadtmnzen (Geneva, 1897), 8 ff.) on the basis of the coinage identified it convincingly with the Roman Hierocaesarea, which stood on the right bank of the River Hyllus, near its confluence with the Lycus, nearly 20 km. south-west of Thyateira and nearly 40 km. northwest of Sardes (which possessed a famous sanctuary of Anahta, the Persian Artemis); see Holleaux, tudes, iv. 251; J. and L. Robert, Hellenica, iv. 27–55 and pls. iii–vii; L. Robert, t. anat. 559. An in-scription recording honours paid to Philip V by <w lang="el-GR">[ἡ βου]λὴ κ(αὶ) ὁ δῆμος</w> was found at Selendi and is either from Hiera Come (Kum-tschai) or from Thyateira; cf. P. Foucart, BCH, 1887, 104 no. 25; W. H. Buckler, JHS, 1917, 110 no. 23, with facsimile. See further Brchner, RE, 'Hiera Kome, Hierokaisareia', cols. 1401–2; De Sanctis, iv. 1. 12 n. 30. Philip's long marches through Attalus' territory are directed to food and plunder, and in marching to Hiera Come he was on his way south to rejoin his fleet. Holleaux (tudes, iv. 252–3) believes that he was on his way to Caria, whither he assumes him to be returning; but this reconstruction assumes that the expedition followed <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lade&groupId=663&placeId=1213">Lade</a>. If it preceded <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lade&groupId=663&placeId=1213">Lade</a>, as argued above (chronological note, pp. 497–500), Philip may have been making for the coast somewhere near Ephesus, <milestone unit="page" n="502">[502]</milestone> where his navy could meet him from <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Samos&groupId=944&placeId=1680">Samos</a>. The Hiera Come in Caria, a city which, according to Stephanus, was mentioned in P. xvi, is quite distinct from this one, and was probably referred to in the account of Philip's later Carian campaign. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ζεῦξιν</w>:</emph> see v. 45. 4 n. He played a large role in all Antiochus' campaigns; see v. 46. 11, 47. 5, 48. 10, 48. 12, 51. 5, 53. 6, 54. 1, 60. 4. But if Joseph. AJ, xii. 3. 4, can be accepted (a letter from Antiochus to Zeuxis about a revolt in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Lydia&groupId=718&placeId=1318">Lydia</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Phrygia&groupId=896&placeId=1611">Phrygia</a> during his anabasis) Zeuxis was left in charge on the coast when Antiochus marched east (cf. Wilhelm, Wien. Stud. 1907, 11–12). Zeuxis is mentioned on an inscription from the temple of Artemis at Amyzon; OGIS, 235; on this temple see Robert, Carie, 289, 300; CRAI, 1953, 403–14. For Philip's later dealings with him see below, 24. 6. In the war with <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> he served as an ambassador (xxi. 16. 4, 17. 9, 24. 1 ff.), and had a statue erected to him at Pergamum (OGIS, 236). See the Addenda. A decree of Sardes (dated between 209 and 193) mentions a letter from Zeuxis to the city (cf. L. Robert, Nouvelles inscriptions de Sardes, 1 <emph rend="superscript">er</emph> fascicule (Paris, 1964), 9–21) and two unpublished inscriptions from Amyzon indicate that he was <w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων</w> (cf. D. Musti, 'Lo stato dei Seleucidi', in Studi classici e orientali, 1966, 109–10). </p>
16.1.9 - 16.1.9
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατὰ τὰς συνθήκας</w>:</emph> the secret compact between Philip and Antiochus (cf. xv. 20 n.). Zeuxis gives help, but half-heartedly, as he does later (24. 4–6). </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">σωματοποιεῖν . . . τὸν Φίλιππον</w>:</emph> 'to strengthen Philip'. </p>
Addenda & corrigenda
16.1.8 - 16.1.8
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Ζεῦξιν</w>:</emph> a decree of Sardes (dated between 209 and 193) mentions a letter from Zeuxis to the city (cf. L. Robert, Nouvelles inscriptions de Sardes, 1 <emph rend="superscript">er</emph> fascicule (Paris, 1964), 9–21) and two unpublished inscriptions from Amyzon indicate that he was <w lang="el-GR">ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων</w> (cf. D. Musti, 'Lo stato dei Seleucidi', in Studi classici e orientali, 1966, 109–10). <milestone unit="page" n="649">[649]</milestone> </p>

Commentary