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Book 11 - Chapter 20

1
<head lang="la">V. Res Hispaniae</head><w lemma="%2Aoi%28">Οἱ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29asdrou%2Fban">Ἀσδρούβαν</w>, <w lemma="a%28qroi%2Fsantes">ἁθροίσαντες</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="stratia%5Cn">στρατιὰν</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="po%2Flewn">πόλεων</w>, <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="ai%28%3Ds">αἷς</w> <w lemma="e%29poiou%3Dnto">ἐποιοῦντο</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="paraxeimasi%2Fan">παραχειμασίαν</w>, <w lemma="proh%3Dlqon">προῆλθον</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="katestratope%2Fdeusan">κατεστρατοπέδευσαν</w> <w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="makra%5Cn">μακρὰν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="po%2Flews">πόλεως</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="prosagoreuome%2Fnhs">προσαγορευομένης</w> <w lemma="%2A%29ili%2Fpas">Ἰλίπας</w>, <w lemma="balo%2Fmenoi">βαλόμενοι</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="xa%2Fraka">χάρακα</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28pwrei%2Fais">ὑπωρείαις</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="proqe%2Fmenoi">προθέμενοι</w> <w lemma="pedi%2Fa">πεδία</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%3Dna">ἀγῶνα</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="ma%2Fxhn">μάχην</w> <w lemma="eu%29fuh%3D">εὐφυῆ</w>. <w lemma="plh%3Dqos">πλῆθος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pezw%3Dn">πεζῶν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dxon">εἶχον</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="e%28pta%5C">ἑπτὰ</w> <w lemma="muria%2Fdas">μυριάδας</w>,
2
<w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tetrakisxili%2Fous">τετρακισχιλίους</w>, <w lemma="qhri%2Fa">θηρία</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="dusi%5C">δυσὶ</w> <w lemma="plei%2Fw">πλείω</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="tria%2Fkonta">τριάκοντα</w>.
3
<w lemma="%2Apo%2Fplios">Πόπλιος</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Ama%2Frkon">Μάρκον</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2A%29iou%2Fnion">Ἰούνιον</w> <w lemma="e%29cape%2Fsteile">ἐξαπέστειλε</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="%2Akoli%2Fxanta">Κολίχαντα</w>, <w lemma="paralhyo%2Fmenon">παραληψόμενον</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%28toimasqei%2Fsas">ἑτοιμασθείσας</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftou">τούτου</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmeis:">δυνάμεις·</w> <w lemma="au%28%3Dtai">αὗται</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="h%29%3Dsan">ἦσαν</w> <w lemma="pezoi%5C">πεζοὶ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="trisxi%2Flioi">τρισχίλιοι</w>, <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="pentako%2Fsioi:">πεντακόσιοι·</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="loipou%5Cs">λοιποὺς</w> <w lemma="summa%2Fxous">συμμάχους</w> <w lemma="au%29to%5Cs">αὐτὸς</w> <w lemma="parela%2Fmbane">παρελάμβανε</w>,
4
<w lemma="proa%2Fgwn">προάγων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="poiou%2Fmenos">ποιούμενος</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fan">πορείαν</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="prokei%2Fmenon">προκείμενον</w>.
5
<w lemma="e%29ggi%2Fsas">ἐγγίσας</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="%2Akastalw%3Dni">Κασταλῶνι</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="%2Abai%2Fkula">Βαίκυλα</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpois">τόποις</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="summi%2Fcas">συμμίξας</w> <w lemma="e%29nqa%2Fde">ἐνθάδε</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="%2Ama%2Frkw%7C">Μάρκῳ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tai%3Ds">ταῖς</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Akoli%2Fxantos">Κολίχαντος</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmesin">δυνάμεσιν</w>, <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="pollh%5Cn">πολλὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29pori%2Fan">ἀπορίαν</w> <w lemma="e%29ne%2Fpipte">ἐνέπιπτε</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="e%29nestw%2Ftwn">ἐνεστώτων</w>.
6
<w lemma="xwri%5Cs">χωρὶς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="summa%2Fxwn">συμμάχων</w> <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29cio%2Fxreoi">ἀξιόχρεοι</w> <w lemma="parh%3Dsan">παρῆσαν</w> <w lemma="ai%28">αἱ</w> <w lemma="%2A%28rwmai+kai%5C">Ῥωμαϊκαὶ</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmeis">δυνάμεις</w> <w lemma="au%29tw%3D%7C">αὐτῷ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="diakinduneu%2Fein:">διακινδυνεύειν·</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="summa%2Fxois">συμμάχοις</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fxontas">ἔχοντας</w> <w lemma="ta%5Cs">τὰς</w> <w lemma="e%29lpi%2Fdas">ἐλπίδας</w> <w lemma="u%28pe%5Cr">ὑπὲρ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flwn">ὅλων</w> <w lemma="kinduneu%2Fein">κινδυνεύειν</w> <w lemma="e%29pisfale%5Cs">ἐπισφαλὲς</w> <w lemma="e%29do%2Fkei">ἐδόκει</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="li%2Fan">λίαν</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai">εἶναι</w> <w lemma="para%2Fbolon">παράβολον</w>.
7
<w lemma="ou%29">οὐ</w> <w lemma="mh%5Cn">μὴν</w> <w lemma="a%29lla%5C">ἀλλὰ</w> <w lemma="diaporh%2Fsas">διαπορήσας</w>, <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="pragma%2Ftwn">πραγμάτων</w> <w lemma="sugkleio%2Fmenos">συγκλειόμενος</w>, <w lemma="e%29pi%5C">ἐπὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sugxrh%3Dsqai">συγχρῆσθαι</w> <w lemma="kathne%2Fxqh">κατηνέχθη</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2A%29%2Fibhrsin">Ἴβηρσιν</w> <w lemma="ou%28%2Ftws">οὕτως</w> <w lemma="w%28%2Fste">ὥστε</w> <w lemma="fantasi%2Fan">φαντασίαν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="paraskeua%2Fzein">παρασκευάζειν</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="u%28penanti%2Fois">ὑπεναντίοις</w>,
8
<w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29gw%3Dna">ἀγῶνα</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dsqai">ποιεῖσθαι</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fwn">ἰδίων</w> <w lemma="stratope%2Fdwn">στρατοπέδων</w>. <w lemma="tau%3Dta">ταῦτα</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="proqe%2Fmenos">προθέμενος</w> <w lemma="a%29ne%2Fzeuce">ἀνέζευξε</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="pa%2Fshs">πάσης</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="duna%2Fmews">δυνάμεως</w>, <w lemma="e%29%2Fxwn">ἔχων</w> <w lemma="pezou%5Cs">πεζοὺς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tetrakismuri%2Fous">τετρακισμυρίους</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pentakisxili%2Fous">πεντακισχιλίους</w>, <w lemma="i%28ppei%3Ds">ἱππεῖς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="trisxili%2Fous">τρισχιλίους</w>.
9
<w lemma="e%29ggi%2Fsas">ἐγγίσας</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="%2Akarxhdoni%2Fois">Καρχηδονίοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="geno%2Fmenos">γενόμενος</w> <w lemma="su%2Fnoptos">σύνοπτος</w> <w lemma="e%29stratope%2Fdeuse">ἐστρατοπέδευσε</w> <w lemma="peri%2F">περί</w> <w lemma="tinas">τινας</w> <w lemma="gewlo%2Ffous">γεωλόφους</w> <w lemma="katantikru%5C">καταντικρὺ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="polemi%2Fwn">πολεμίων</w>.
<head>V. Affairs of Spain</head><head>The Defeat of Hasdrubal, son of Gesco, by Publius Scipio</head>Hasdrubal, collecting his forces from the towns in which they had passed the winter, advanced and encamped not far from the town called Ilipa, entrenching himself just under the hills with a level space in front favourably situated for giving battle.
He had about seventy thousand infantry, four thousand horse, and thirty-two elephants.
Scipio sent off Marcus Junius to Colichas to take over the forces that the latter had got ready for him, which consisted of three thousand foot and five hundred horse.
The rest of the allies he took with himself and advanced marching to encounter the enemy.
When he drew near Castalon and the neighbourhood of Baecula and there joined Marcus and the troops sent by Colichas, he found the situation a very embarrassing one.
For without the allies the Roman troops at his disposal were not sufficient for him to risk a battle, while it seemed to him dangerous, and far too risky, to rely on the support of the allies in what promised to be a decisive engagement.
However, though he hesitated, he found himself forced by circumstances and was reduced to employing the Spaniards, using them for the purpose of impressing the enemy by an imposing show but leaving the actual fighting to his own legions.
With this purpose he left with his whole army, consisting of about forty-five thousand foot and three thousand horse.
When he got near the Carthaginians and was in full sight of them he encamped on certain low hills opposite to the enemy.

Walbank Commentary

Overview
11.20.0 - 11.24.9
<p rend="Plain Text">The battle of Ilipa</p> <p rend="Plain Text">After Baecula (x. 38. 7–40. 12) the Carthaginians sent Hanno to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> to recruit new forces, but M. Silanus defeated and captured him in 207; Hasdrubal, son of Gisgo, retreated to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a> and evaded battle, while L. Scipio captured the rich city of Orongis. P. Scipio wintered 207/6 at Tarraco (Livy, xxviii. 1–4). The present extract deals with the early season of 206; for the thesis, here rejected, that Ilipa was in 207 see above, pp. 17–18. The sources for the campaign of Ilipa and its sequel are, besides P., Livy, xxviii. 12. 10–16. 15 and App. Hisp. 25–27 (unreliable and irreconcilable with P. and Livy). It is clear that P. and Livy draw on common material, and Kahrstedt, iii. 316–18, has argued that here, as in the account of the taking of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a> (x. 2. 1–20. 8 n.), Livy has drawn on P. but has supplemented his account from other sources; whereas Klotz, Livius, 185–7, thinks that the similarities are due to the use of a common source, Fabius who comes down to Livy through Coelius. It is less easy than in the case of the description of the taking of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a> to decide between these two theses; but the analogy of that narrative would suggest that Kahrstedt's theory is the more likely and that the relationship between P. and Livy is the same as for <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a> and Baecula (cf. x. 34–40 n.). As in his account of the taking of <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=New Carthage&groupId=791&placeId=1430">New Carthage</a>, P. probably drew on several sources; but we cannot be certain either that Fabius' history went down to 206, or that Silenus dealt with Ilipa, so that P.'s sources must remain obscure. See also De Sanctis, iii. 2. 643–4 (valuable despite his belief that Livy, xxviii. 1–4 and 12. 10–17. 1 are doublets).</p> <p rend="Plain Text">(a) Site of the battle. Hasdrubal's camp was not far from Ilipa (so Schweighaeuser convincingly for MS. <w lang="el-GR">ἰλίγγας</w> F <w lang="el-GR">(ἠλίγγας</w> S)). Ilipa is the same word as Livy's Silpia (Livy, xxviii. 17. 14; cf. Schweighaeuser and Meyer (Kl. Schr. ii. 406–7) for parallels for the 'S'); it can be located in the neighbourhood of Alcal del Rio, a village on the Guadalquivir 14 km. due north of Seville (cf. CIL, ii. 1085, 1091; Schulten, RE, 'Ilipa', col. 1066). From Livy, xxviii. 16. 3, it appears that Hasdrubal was able to retreat to the Atlantic without crossing the Baetis (Guadalquivir); hence the battle was on the right bank. The evolutions described by P. (22. 9–23. 7) limit the battle to the fairly level ground near the river, and Scullard (JRS, 1936, 19–23) proposes a plausible site lying from 6 to 10km. north-east of Alcal del Rio, with the Roman camp on a hill 79 m. high called Pelagatos, 6 km. east of Burguillos, and that of Hasdrubal on an unnamed hill which rises from the plain 5 km. south-west of Pelagos. This site has been approved by Schulten (AA, 1940, 114 ff.; 1943, 51 ff.) and fits P.'s description of the battle.</p> <p rend="Plain Text"> (b) Numbers. P. gives the Punic forces as 70,000 foot, 4,000 horse, <milestone unit="page" n="296">[296]</milestone> and 32 elephants (20. 2), whereas Livy gives 50,000 foot and 4,500 horse (Livy, xxviii. 12. 13), adding (Livy, xxviii. 12. 14) that 'peditum septuaginta milia quidam adducta ad Silpiam urbem scribunt'. Whether or no P. got his higher figures from an oral source (so Kahrstedt, iii. 318), they seem designed to save Scipio's reputation, and if accepted make the course of the battle hard to follow. For a discussion of Carthaginian numbers in <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> at this date see Kahrstedt, iii. 531–2; it is inconclusive. For Ilipa the smaller number is to be accepted; it may go back through Coelius to Silenus (Scullard, Scipio, 125 n. 1). App. Hisp. 25 gives 70,000 foot (like P.) 5,000 cavalry, and 36 elephants. Livy, xxviii. 12. 14, says that 'de equestribus copiis ferme inter auctores conuenit'; it is indeed possible that his 4,500 horse have been rounded off to 5,000 by Appian's source and to 4,000 by P.'s Scipio, reinforced by 3,000 foot and 500 horse from the Spanish prince Colichas (20. 3), had an army of 45,000 foot and 3,000 horse; Livy (xxviii. 13. 5) makes the whole force including cavalry 45,000, perhaps by an oversight. To Appian Scipio's force is less than a third the size of his opponents' (Hisp. 25), clearly a late annalistic version (Scullard, Scip. 126 n. 1). Here P.'s figures are acceptable; they give the Carthaginians a slight but not very substantial advantage. </p> <p rend="Plain Text">(c) Bibliography. De Sanctis, iii. 2. 498–9; Veith, AS, iii. 2. 685; iv. 517–26; Heerwesen, 295; Schlachtenatlas, Röm. Abt. 8. 2; Scullard, Scipio, 120–38; JRS, 1936, 19–23; Shuckburgh, The Histories of Polybius, ii. 565–7 (giving Warre's views); Brewitz, 71 ff.; F. Taeger, Klio, 1931, 339–47; A. Neumann, Klio, 1932, 255–6.</p>
Specifics
11.20.1 - 11.20.1
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οἱ μὲν οὖν περὶ τὸν Ἀσδρούβαν</w>:</emph> Hasdrubal, son of Gisgo; cf. ix. 11. 3 n., x. 7. 5. Livy, xxviii. 12. 13, calls him 'maximus clarissimusque eo bello secundum Barcinos dux'. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐν αἷς ἐποιοῦντο τὴν παραχειμασίαν</w>:</emph> according to Livy (xxviii. 2. 16), Hasdrubal 'exercitum omnem passim in ciuitates diuisit' after the defeat of Hanno in 207; this was near <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Gades&groupId=594&placeId=1105">Gades</a>. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως . . . Ἰλίπας</w>:</emph> on the MS. reading see above, 20–24. 9 n. (a). According to App. Hisp. 25, the Punic army assembled <w lang="el-GR">ἐς Καρεώνην πόλιν</w> (cf. id. 27, <w lang="el-GR">Καρβώνην)</w>, which Schweighaeuser emends to Carmona (cf. Livy, xxxiii. 21. 7–9, Carmo); Carmona (the name persists) lay on the left bank of the Baetis, on the road between Hispalis and Astigi, and Appian here seems to go back to a reliable tradition. </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πρὸς ταῖς ὑπωρείαις</w>:</emph> 'close to the foothills'; for the site suggested by Scullard see 20–24. 9 n. (a). </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">προθέμενοι πεδία</w>:</emph> 'with plains in front'. </p>
11.20.2 - 11.20.2
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πλῆθος δὲ . . . εἶχον</w>:</emph> see above, 20–24. 9 n. (b). </p>
11.20.3 - 11.20.3
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">Μάρκον . . . Ἰούνιον</w>:</emph> M. Iunius Silanus had accompanied Scipio <milestone unit="page" n="297">[297]</milestone> to <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Spain&groupId=983&placeId=1735">Spain</a> (cf. x. 6. 7 n.), and his command had been extended each year since 210; in 207 he had defeated and taken Hanno (cf. Livy, xxviii. 1. 4–2. 14). </p> <p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πρὸς Κολίχαντα</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxviii. 13. 3, 'praemisso Silano ad Culcham, duodetriginta oppidis regnantem', thus adding a detail not in P. Culchas appears again in 197 in revolt against <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Rome&groupId=935&placeId=1669">Rome</a> (Livy, xxxiii. 21. 7), perhaps because his towns have been reduced from 28 to 17 (cf. Schulten, CAH, viii. 308). </p>
11.20.5 - 11.20.5
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῷ Κασταλῶνι καὶ τοῖς περὶ Βαίκυλα τόποις</w>:</emph> cf. x. 38. 7–8 n. for this district. Castulo is the important town of the Oretani (Strabo, iii. 152), modern Cazlona near Linares (cf. Hbner, RE, 'Castulo', cols. 1778–80). Livy (xxviii. 13. 5–6) mentions no advance beyond Baecula, which led Mommsen and others to site the subsequent battle near that town. </p>
11.20.7 - 11.20.7
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ὑπὸ τῶν πραγμάτων συγκλειόμενος</w>:</emph> 'under the pressure of circumstances'. </p>
11.20.8 - 11.20.8
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἔχων πεζοὺς κτλ</w>.:</emph> cf. 20–24. 9 n. (b). </p>
11.20.9 - 11.20.9
<p rend="Plain Text"> <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐστρατοπέδευσε περί τινας γεωλόφους</w>:</emph> on the low hill Pelagatos, if Scullard is right (20–24. 9 n. (a)). </p>

Commentary