Polybius, Histories

Translation

Book 10 - Chapter 32

<head lang="la">V. Res Italiae</head><w lemma="%2Aboulo%2Fmenoi">Βουλόμενοι</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="u%28%2Fpatoi">ὕπατοι</w> <w lemma="katopteu%3Dsai">κατοπτεῦσαι</w> <w lemma="safw%3Ds">σαφῶς</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28penanti%2Fwn">ὑπεναντίων</w> <w lemma="stratopedei%2Fan">στρατοπεδείαν</w> <w lemma="keklime%2Fna">κεκλιμένα</w> <w lemma="me%2Frh">μέρη</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="lo%2Ffou">λόφου</w>, <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="xa%2Fraki">χάρακι</w> <w lemma="me%2Fnein">μένειν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="xw%2Fran">χώραν</w> <w lemma="e%29ph%2Fggeilan">ἐπήγγειλαν</w>,

<w lemma="au%29toi%5C">αὐτοὶ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="i%28ppe%2Fwn">ἱππέων</w> <w lemma="a%29nalabo%2Fntes">ἀναλαβόντες</w> <w lemma="i%29%2Flas">ἴλας</w> <w lemma="du%2Fo">δύο</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="grosfoma%2Fxous">γροσφομάχους</w> <w lemma="meta%5C">μετὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="r%28abdofo%2Frwn">ῥαβδοφόρων</w> <w lemma="ei%29s">εἰς</w> <w lemma="tria%2Fkonta">τριάκοντα</w> <w lemma="proh%3Dgon">προῆγον</w>, <w lemma="kataskeyo%2Fmenoi">κατασκεψόμενοι</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="to%2Fpous">τόπους</w>.

<w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="%2Anoma%2Fdwn">Νομάδων</w> <w lemma="ei%29qisme%2Fnoi">εἰθισμένοι</w> <w lemma="tine%5Cs">τινὲς</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="a%29krobolizome%2Fnois">ἀκροβολιζομένοις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="kaqo%2Flou">καθόλου</w> <w lemma="proporeuome%2Fnois">προπορευομένοις</w> <w lemma="e%29k">ἐκ</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="u%28penanti%2Fwn">ὑπεναντίων</w> <w lemma="xa%2Frakos">χάρακος</w> <w lemma="e%29ne%2Fdras">ἐνέδρας</w> <w lemma="poiei%3Dn">ποιεῖν</w>, <w lemma="u%28pesta%2Flkeisan">ὑπεστάλκεισαν</w> <w lemma="kata%2F">κατά</w> <w lemma="tina">τινα</w> <w lemma="suntuxi%2Fan">συντυχίαν</w> <w lemma="u%28po%5C">ὑπὸ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="lo%2Ffon">λόφον</w>.

<w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="skopou%3D">σκοποῦ</w> <w lemma="shmh%2Fnantos">σημήναντος</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w> <w lemma="paragi%2Fnontai%2F">παραγίνονταί</w> <w lemma="tines">τινες</w> <w lemma="kat%27">κατ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fkron">ἄκρον</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="bouno%5Cn">βουνὸν</w> <w lemma="u%28perde%2Fcioi">ὑπερδέξιοι</w> '<w lemma="kei%2Fnwn">κείνων</w>, <w lemma="e%29canasta%2Fntes">ἐξαναστάντες</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="para%5C">παρὰ</w> <w lemma="pla%2Fgia">πλάγια</w> <w lemma="poihsa%2Fmenoi">ποιησάμενοι</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="porei%2Fan">πορείαν</w> <w lemma="a%29pote%2Fmnontai">ἀποτέμνονται</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="strathgou%5Cs">στρατηγοὺς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="diaklei%2Fousin">διακλείουσιν</w> <w lemma="a%29po%5C">ἀπὸ</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="i%29di%2Fas">ἰδίας</w> <w lemma="parembolh%3Ds">παρεμβολῆς</w>.

<w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="%2Aklau%2Fdion">Κλαύδιον</w> <w lemma="eu%29qe%2Fws">εὐθέως</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="th%3D%7C">τῇ</w> <w lemma="prw%2Fth%7C">πρώτῃ</w> <w lemma="sumplokh%3D%7C">συμπλοκῇ</w> <w lemma="kai%2F">καί</w> <w lemma="tinas">τινας</w> <w lemma="e%28te%2Frous">ἑτέρους</w> <w lemma="a%28%2Fma">ἅμα</w> <w lemma="tou%2Ftw%7C">τούτῳ</w> <w lemma="kate%2Fbalon">κατέβαλον</w>, <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="loipou%5Cs">λοιποὺς</w> <w lemma="katatraumati%2Fsantes">κατατραυματίσαντες</w> <w lemma="dia%5C">διὰ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="krhmnw%3Dn">κρημνῶν</w> <w lemma="h%29na%2Fgkasan">ἠνάγκασαν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllon">ἄλλον</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllh%7C">ἄλλῃ</w> <w lemma="feu%2Fgein">φεύγειν</w>.

<w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="stratope%2Fdw%7C">στρατοπέδῳ</w> <w lemma="qewrou%3Dntes">θεωροῦντες</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="gino%2Fmenon">γινόμενον</w> <w lemma="ou%29damw%3Ds">οὐδαμῶς</w> <w lemma="h%29dunh%2Fqhsan">ἠδυνήθησαν</w> <w lemma="e%29pikourh%3Dsai">ἐπικουρῆσαι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="kinduneu%2Fousin:">κινδυνεύουσιν·</w> <w lemma="e%29%2Fti">ἔτι</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="a%29nabow%2Fntwn">ἀναβοώντων</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="pro%5Cs">πρὸς</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="sumbai%3Dnon">συμβαῖνον</w> <w lemma="e%29kpeplhgme%2Fnwn">ἐκπεπληγμένων</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="xalinou%2Fntwn">χαλινούντων</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="i%28%2Fppous">ἵππους</w>, <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="kaqoplizome%2Fnwn">καθοπλιζομένων</w>, <w lemma="pe%2Fras">πέρας</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dxe">εἶχε</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="pra%3Dgma">πρᾶγμα</w>. <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ui%28o%5Cn">υἱὸν</w> <w lemma="tou%3D">τοῦ</w> <w lemma="%2Aklaudi%2Fou">Κλαυδίου</w> <w lemma="traumati%2Fan">τραυματίαν</w>, <w lemma="mo%2Flis">μόλις</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="parado%2Fcws">παραδόξως</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="ki%2Fndunon">κίνδυνον</w> <w lemma="diapefeugo%2Fta">διαπεφευγότα</w> ?<w lemma=""></w>*

<w lemma=""></w> <w lemma="%2Ama%2Frkos">Μάρκος</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ou%29%3Dn">οὖν</w> <w lemma="a%29kakw%2Fteron">ἀκακώτερον</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="strathgikw%2Fteron">στρατηγικώτερον</w> <w lemma="au%28tw%3D%7C">αὑτῷ</w> <w lemma="xrhsa%2Fmenos">χρησάμενος</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="dedhlwme%2Fnois">δεδηλωμένοις</w> <w lemma="perie%2Fpese">περιέπεσε</w> <w lemma="sumptw%2Fmasin:">συμπτώμασιν·</w>

<w lemma="e%29gw%5C">ἐγὼ</w> <w lemma="de%5C">δὲ</w> <w lemma="par%27">παρ᾽</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flhn">ὅλην</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pragmatei%2Fan">πραγματείαν</w> <w lemma="polla%2Fkis">πολλάκις</w> <w lemma="a%29nagka%2Fzomai">ἀναγκάζομαι</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="toiou%2Ftwn">τοιούτων</w> <w lemma="u%28pomimnh%2Fskein">ὑπομιμνήσκειν</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="e%29ntugxa%2Fnontas">ἐντυγχάνοντας</w>, <w lemma="qewrw%3Dn">θεωρῶν</w>, <w lemma="ei%29">εἰ</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%2F">περί</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="strathgi%2Fas">στρατηγίας</w> <w lemma="merw%3Dn">μερῶν</w> <w lemma="a%29%2Fllo">ἄλλο</w>, <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="peri%5C">περὶ</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="diamarta%2Fnontas">διαμαρτάνοντας</w> <w lemma="tou%5Cs">τοὺς</w> <w lemma="h%28gemo%2Fnas">ἡγεμόνας</w>, <w lemma="kai%2Ftoi">καίτοι</w> <w lemma="prodh%2Flou">προδήλου</w> <w lemma="th%3Ds">τῆς</w> <w lemma="a%29gnoi%2Fas">ἀγνοίας</w> <w lemma="u%28parxou%2Fshs">ὑπαρχούσης</w>.

<w lemma="ti%2F">τί</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="o%29%2Ffelos">ὄφελος</w> <w lemma="h%28gemo%2Fnos">ἡγεμόνος</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="strathgou%3D">στρατηγοῦ</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="dieilhfo%2Ftos">διειληφότος</w> <w lemma="dio%2Fti">διότι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w> <w lemma="kindu%2Fnwn">κινδύνων</w>, <w lemma="oi%28%3Ds">οἷς</w> <w lemma="mh%5C">μὴ</w> <w lemma="sumpa%2Fsxei">συμπάσχει</w> <w lemma="ta%5C">τὰ</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fla">ὅλα</w>, <w lemma="plei%3Dston">πλεῖστον</w> <w lemma="a%29pe%2Fxein">ἀπέχειν</w> <w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="to%5Cn">τὸν</w> <w lemma="h%28gou%2Fmenon">ἡγούμενον</w>;

<w lemma="ti%2F">τί</w> <w lemma="d%27">δ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29gnoou%3Dntos">ἀγνοοῦντος</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Fti">ὅτι</w>, <w lemma="ka%29%2Fn">κἄν</w> <w lemma="pot%27">ποτ᾽</w> <w lemma="a%29nagka%2Fzwsin">ἀναγκάζωσιν</w> <w lemma="oi%28">οἱ</w> <w lemma="kairoi%5C">καιροὶ</w> <w lemma="pra%2Fttein">πράττειν</w> <w lemma="ti">τι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="kata%5C">κατὰ</w> <w lemma="me%2Fros">μέρος</w>, <w lemma="pollou%5Cs">πολλοὺς</w> <w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="pro%2Fteron">πρότερον</w> <w lemma="a%29poqanei%3Dn">ἀποθανεῖν</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="suno%2Fntwn">συνόντων</w> <w lemma="pri%5Cn">πρὶν</w> <w lemma="h%29%5C">ἢ</w> <w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="deino%5Cn">δεινὸν</w> <w lemma="e%29ggi%2Fsai">ἐγγίσαι</w> <w lemma="toi%3Ds">τοῖς</w> <w lemma="proestw%3Dsi">προεστῶσι</w> <w lemma="tw%3Dn">τῶν</w> <w lemma="o%28%2Flwn">ὅλων</w>;

<w lemma="dei%3D">δεῖ</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="%2Akari%5C">Καρὶ</w> <w lemma="th%5Cn">τὴν</w> <w lemma="pei%3Dran">πεῖραν</w>, <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="h%28">ἡ</w> <w lemma="paroimi%2Fa">παροιμία</w> <w lemma="fhsi%2Fn">φησίν</w>, <w lemma="ou%29k">οὐκ</w> <w lemma="e%29n">ἐν</w> <w lemma="tw%3D%7C">τῷ</w> <w lemma="strathgw%3D%7C">στρατηγῷ</w> <w lemma="gi%2Fnesqai">γίνεσθαι</w>.

<w lemma="to%5C">τὸ</w> <w lemma="me%5Cn">μὲν</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="le%2Fgein">λέγειν</w> <w lemma="w%28s">ὡς</w> <w lemma="“ou%29k">“οὐκ</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="w%29%7Co%2Fmhn”">ᾠόμην”</w> <w lemma="“ti%2Fs">“τίς</w> <w lemma="ga%5Cr">γὰρ</w> <w lemma="a%29%5Cn">ἂν</w> <w lemma="h%29%2Flpise">ἤλπισε</w> <w lemma="tou%3Dto">τοῦτο</w> <w lemma="gene%2Fsqai”">γενέσθαι”</w>; <w lemma="me%2Fgiston">μέγιστον</w> <w lemma="ei%29%3Dnai%2F">εἶναί</w> <w lemma="moi">μοι</w> <w lemma="dokei%3D">δοκεῖ</w> <w lemma="shmei%3Don">σημεῖον</w> <w lemma="a%29peiri%2Fas">ἀπειρίας</w> <w lemma="strathgikh%3Ds">στρατηγικῆς</w> <w lemma="kai%5C">καὶ</w> <w lemma="braduth%3Dtos">βραδυτῆτος</w>.

<head>V. Affairs of iTALY</head><head>Death of the Consul Claudius Marcellus</head>The consuls, wishing to survey accurately the side of the hill which was turned towards the enemy's camp, ordered the rest of their forces to remain in the entrenched camp,

and themselves taking two troops of cavalry and about thirty velites together with their lictors advanced to reconnoitre the ground.

Certain Numidians, who were in the habit of lying in ambush for skirmishers and in general for any of the enemy who advanced out of their camp, were by hazard hidden at the foot of the hill.

Upon their look-out signalling to them that some of the enemy had appeared on the crest of the hill just above them, they rose, and marching up the slope obliquely, cut off the consuls and prevented their return to their camp.

Marcellus and some others with him were cut down at the first onset, and the others were wounded and compelled to take to flight down the cliffs in different directions.

The Romans in the camp, though they were spectators of what was happening, had no means of coming to the help of their comrades who were in danger. For while they were still shouting out in a state of great consternation, some of them bridling their horses and others putting on their armour, the whole affair was over. The son of Marcellus was wounded, and with great difficulty and beyond expectation escaped.

Marcellus, it must be confessed, brought this misfortune on himself by behaving not so much like a general as like a simpleton.

Throughout this work I am often compelled to call the attention of my readers to such occurrences, as I observe that generals are more liable to make mistakes in this matter than in any other parts of their duty as commanders, although the error is such an obvious one.

For what is the use of a general or commander who does not comprehend that he must keep himself as far away as possible from all partial encounters in which the fate of the whole army is not involved?

Of what use is he if he does not know that, if circumstances at times compel commanders to undertake in person such partial encounters, they must sacrifice many of their men before the danger is suffered to approach the supreme commander of the whole?

Let the risk be for the Carian, as the proverb has it, and not for the general.

And as for saying "I should never have thought it" or "Who would have expected it to happen?" that in a general is a most manifest sign of incompetence and dullness.

Walbank Commentary

Overview

10.32.1 - 10.33.7

The death of Marcellus This fragment from F forms part of the res Italiae of Ol. 142, 4 = 209/8 B.C. The consuls for 208 were M. Claudius Marcellus (already consul in 222, 215, 214, and 210; cf. ii. 34. 1 ff., viii. 1. 7, 37. 2, fg. 9) and T. Quinctius L.f. L.n. Crispinus (H. Gundel, RE, 'Quinctius (38)', cols. 1035–8), who had served as praetor at Capua the previous year (Livy, xxvii. 7. 10). Crispinus first undertook the siege of Locri (Livy, xxvii. 26. 11), but soon left it to join Marcellus at <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Venusia&groupId=1057&placeId=1860">Venusia</a>, where Hannibal faced him (Livy, xxvii. 26. 12–14). The ambushing of the consuls is described in Livy, xxvii. 26. 1–27. 11 and, dependent on him (Kahrstedt, iii. 304; contra, Klotz, Rh. Mus. 1934, 314 ff.), Plut. Marc. 29; Eutrop. iii. 16. 4; Oros. iv. 18. 6, 18. 8; Val. Max. i. 6. 9; Sil. xv. 343 ff. Livy (xxvii. 27. 12–14) mentions three versions of the event recorded in Coelius, one given in the laudatio delivered by his son, another his own version and a third the traditional one (traditum fama). Appian, Hann. 50, has an independent account. See also, for passing references, Cic. Tusc. i. 89; Nep. Hann. 5. 3; Pliny, Nat. hist. <milestone unit="page" n="242">[242]</milestone> xi. 189; Plut. Fab. 19. 5; Flam. 1. 4; comp. Pel. et Marc. 3; auct. de uir. ill. 45. 7; Zon. ix. 9. See also De Sanctis, iii. 2. 474 n. 49.

Specifics

10.32.1 - 10.32.1

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οἱ ὕπατοι</w>:</emph> Marcellus and Crispinus (see above). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὰ . . . κεκλιμένα μέρη τοῦ λόφου</w>:</emph> Hannibal was facing the combined camp at some point between <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Venusia&groupId=1057&placeId=1860">Venusia</a> and <a class="linkToPlace" target="_blank" href="/place?placename=Bantia&groupId=392&placeId=735">Bantia</a> (Livy, xxvii. 25. 13, 'inter Venusiam Bantiamque minus trium milium passuum interuallo consules binis castris consederant'). Between the Roman and Punic camps lay a tumulus siluestris, which neither side had occupied, Hannibal having preferred to use it for an ambush (Livy, xxvii. 26. 7). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἴλας δύο</w>:</emph> according to Livy (xxvii. 26. 11; followed by Plut. Marc. 29. 5–6) there were 220 cavalry, of whom 40 were from Fregellae, the rest Etruscans. In Appian's divergent account (Hann. 50) there are 300 cavalry. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">γροσφομάχους . . . εἰς τριάκοντα</w>:</emph> 'about thirty uelites together with their lictors'; each consul would have twelve lictors. Schweighaeuser, who includes the lictors in the thirty, probably wrongly, suggests emending to <w lang="el-GR">τριακοσίους</w>, since so few as thirty are not worth mentioning; but they will have formed an immediate bodyguard for the consuls. No other source mentions the uelites, but Livy reports the capture of five lictors (see § 5 n.). <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατασκεψόμενοι τοὺς τόπους</w>:</emph> cf. Livy, xxvii. 27. 14, 'ita fama uariat ut tamen plerique loci speculandi causa castris egressum . . . tradant'; but according to Appian (Hann. 50) Marcellus rode out to intercept some Numidian plunderers.

10.32.4 - 10.32.4

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τοῦ σκόπου κτλ</w>.:</emph> cf. Livy, xxvii. 27. 3, 'speculator . . . signum dat ut . . . exorerentur'. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">κατ᾿ ἄκρον τὸν βουνόν</w>:</emph> in Livy (xxvii. 27. 5) the consuls are trapped in a valley.

10.32.5 - 10.32.5

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τὸν μὲν Κλαύδιον εὐθέως . . . κατέ?βαλον</w>:</emph> according to Livy, xxvii. 27. 5–7, the consuls could have extricated themselves, had not the Etruscans fled. The Fregellani fought on until both consuls were wounded, and then made their escape carrying Crispinus and Marcellus' son, who was also wounded, but leaving Marcellus 'transfixum lancea prolabentem ex equo moribundum'. <emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καί τινας ἑτέρους</w>:</emph> according to Livy, xxvii. 27. 8, 'interfectus A. Manlius tribunus militum, et ex duobus praefectis socium M.' Aulius occisus 〈L.〉 Arrenius captus'. Five lictors were captured, the rest were killed or escaped; of the cavalry forty-three perished and eighteen were taken.

10.32.6 - 10.32.6

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">καὶ τὸν υἱὸν . . . διαπεφευγότα</w>:</emph> the verb has evidently dropped out, but the sense is clear; cf. Livy, xxvii. 27. 10, 'tumultuatum et in castris fuerat, ut consulibus irent subsidio, cum consulem et filium alterius consulis saucios exiguasque infelicis expeditionis reliquias ad castra uenientes cernunt'. Marcellus' son was M. Claudius <milestone unit="page" n="243">[243]</milestone> Marcellus, military tribune this year (Livy, xxvii. 26. 12) and consul in 196 (cf. xviii. 42. 1); see Mnzer, RE, 'Claudius (222)', cols. 2755–8.

10.32.7 - 10.32.7

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἀκακώτερον</w>:</emph> 'more like a simpleton' (Paton).

10.32.8 - 10.32.8

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">πολλάκις . . . περὶ τῶν τοιούτων</w>:</emph> cf. 3. 7 and the passages there quoted on the importance of discretion in a general.

10.32.9 - 10.32.9

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">τῶν κατὰ μέρος κινδύνων</w>:</emph> in contrast to the battle when all is at stake; there the general must be prepared for disaster and, if it comes, to perish rather than live on in disgrace (xi. 2. 4–11).

10.32.11 - 10.32.11

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">ἐν Καρὶ τὴν πεῖραν</w>:</emph> a proverb (cf. Eur. Cyc. 654; Plato, Euthyd. 285 B; Laches, 187 B, with scholia) derived from the use of Carians as mercenaries or, less probably, as slaves. See the explanations in Corpus paroem. graec. i. 70–71, ii. 404–5 with references; von Scala, 283; Wunderer, i. 25, 111; and, for the early equivalence of 'Carian' and 'mercenary' (cf. Archilochus, fg. 24 Bergk), Launey, i. 451 and Griffith, 236.

10.32.12 - 10.32.12

<emph rend="bold"><w lang="el-GR">οὐκ ἂν ᾠόμην᾿ κτλ</w>.:</emph> cf. Polyaen. iii. 9. 11, <w lang="el-GR">Ἰφικράτης? ὑπολαβὼν ἔφη τὸ</w> g<w lang="el-GR">τίς ἂν ἤλπισε τοῦτ᾿ ἔσεσθαι</w>h; 9. 17, <w lang="el-GR">οὐ στρατηγικὸν τὸ</w> g<w lang="el-GR">οὐκ ᾤμην</w>h; there seems to be some dependence on P. here (cf. Wunderer, i. 84–85). See also Cic. off. i. 81.

Addenda & corrigenda

10.32.2 - 10.32.2

<emph rend="bold">32. 2. <w lang="el-GR">γροσφομάχους . . . εἰς τριάκοντα</w>:</emph> in 1. 7 of the note, for 'four lictors' read 'five lictors' (cf. § 5 n.).

Polybius, Histories

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