Bibliography
| Title: Galilee from Alexander the Great to Hadrian, 323 B.C.E. to 135 C.E. A Study of Second Temple Judaism Secondary Title: University of Notre Dame Center for the Study of Judaism and Christianity in Antiquity 5 Pages: XV, 491, [2] of plates Type: Book Year: 1980 Abstract: "Although they appear to be militant and nationalistic supporters of Josephus, the Galileans are not to be identified with revolutionaries".
"Gegen die Deutung der "Galiläer" als Zeloten, Revolutionäre: sie sind "militant supporters of Josephus, whose mission is to preserve peace in Gailee". Im einzlenen: Galiläa als geographischer Begriff in der "Vita", die "Galiläer" und ie Städter (Tiberias, Sepphoris, Gischala, Garbar), und das Land (Stadt-Land-Gegensatz usw.)".
"In Josephus' writings "Galileans" is primarily a geographical designation referring to the inhabitants of Galilee. In his Life, however, the Galileans are the country people as distinct from the inhabitants of the major towns. They are Josephus' loyal supporters, militantly nationalistic but not essentially revolutionary or subversive". - D.J.H.
"Trata de clarificar el conepto y connotationes que encierra el término "Galileos", basándose en la obra de Josefo, espcialmente en la Vida (donde aparece est palabra con mayor frecuencia) y en la Guerra de los Judios. Los resultados del estudio son los siguientes: 1) Los galileos no se identifican necesariamente con revolucionarios aunque se muestren agresivos e incluso sean militantes; 2) la causa y el alcance de la animosidad galilaica hacia las ciudades más grandes no se puede justificar sólo por la postura pro-romana, puesto que no está clara esta actitud, excepto en Séforis; 3) la actitud de los galileos hacia Jerusalèn y su autoridad necesita ser explorada con mayor profundidad. La situación del judaísmo galilaico es más compleja de la que pueda parecer a pirmera vista".
"The first section of this study of Galilee from 323 B.C. to A.D. 135 treats the geography of the area and its human settlement, the rise of Hellenism and the Jewish response, and Roman control from 63 B.C. to A.D. 135. Then under the heading "social and cultural" there are discussions of the cities and the Hellenistic ethos of Galilee, economic realities and social stratification, and revolutionary tendencies. The last part concerns Galilean religious life with special reference to the Jerusalem Temple, the halakah, and Christianity. Freyne, professor of NT studies at Loyola University in New Orleans, argues that Galilee remained primarily Jewish and rural and that the Galilean peasants were largely unaffected by Hellenistic and Roman cultural influences, Jewish revolutionary movements or primitive Christianity".
"Freyne challenges several prevalent assumptions about Galilee. The region is held to have preserved its Jewish identity after 731 so that the "judaizing" by Hyrcanus is a misnomer. It displayed no signs of a political will of its won, even when some autonomy was offered. The cities of Galilee are not to be understood as significant agents of cultural change . The "revolutionary" nature of Galilean Judaism is unproven; on the contrary Galilee tended to suffer less under foreign rule than Judaea and to adopt a more cautious attitude to revolt. In its attitude to the Temple and to halachah, Galilee is neither totally indifferent or rampantly zealous. The arguments are carefully expressed and nuanced, with proper attention to primary and secondary literature, although sometimes his suggestions overstrain the evidence, which is in many cases very meagre. Recommended for specialists; non-specialists must resist the temptation to imbibe the conclusions without the argumentation!" - P. R. Davies Keywords: Palestinian Judaism, Galilee Galilee, Israel, History. Jews, History, 168 B.C.E.-135 C.E. Judaism, History, Post-exilic period, 586 B.C.E.-210 C.E. Judaism, Israel, Galilee. Christianity, Israel, Galilee. |